Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question

41 Which disturbance would set the stage for primary succession?

A	A farmer’s field is flooded.
B	A rainforest is clear cut for timber.
C	A volcano covers the ground with lava.
D	A fire burns through a temperate forest.

42 Manufacturers in the United States have eliminated chlorofluorocarbons from common household aerosol products. This has reduced their contribution to which environmental problem?

F	acid rain	H	global climate change
G	desertification	J	atmospheric ozone depletion

43 A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. The energy

pyramid shown below depicts the feeding patterns the ecologists observed.

Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?

A	There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels.
B	There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.
C	There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.
D	There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.

44 A marine food web is shown below

Which of the following organisms is a consumer in this food web?

F	Seaweed	H	Clam Worm
G	Sea Grass	J	Phytoplankton

45 A marine food web is shown below

Which of the following organisms is found in the trophic le vel with the highest biomass that sustains the ecosystem represented by this food web?

A	Amphipod	C	Redfish
B	Heron	D	Seaweed

46 A marine food web is shown below

Which of the following is a long-term effect on the removal of the redf ish from the ecosystem represented by this food web?

F	The osprey population will increase.
G	The amphipod population will increase.
H	The clam worm population will increase.
J	The phytoplankton population will increase.

47 The number of pythons found throughout Everglades National Park has increased in recent years. These huge snakes are not native to Florida and are believed to have been released into the wild by pet owners. Wildlife biologists have initiated attempts to capture and remove these pythons. Which statement best explains the biologists’ reason for removing these pythons from the Everglades?

A	The pythons could upset the territorial boundaries of native organisms.
B	The pythons could adapt to overcome diseases common to native snake
C	The pythons could prey on native organisms and cause native populations to decline
D	The pythons could begin to interbreed with native snakes and produce a more successful species.

48 Salt water is an abundant resource but unusable for irrigation and drinking. As demands on freshwater sources increase, the use of desalination processes to remove salt from ocean water is increasing. A concern of desalinating water is the large amounts of recovered salts that are returned to the ocean. Which of the following describes the most likely impact of desalination on the surrounding ocean environment?

F	Methane gas would pollute the ocean environment as shoreline organisms begin to die and decay.
G	Alteration in ocean salt levels would cause loss of species and unbalanced populations in marine food webs.
H	Nonrenewable resources in the ocean environment would become depleted and upset the ecosystem’s balance.
J	Increased levels of salts and minerals in the ocean would result in overpopulation of marine bivalves due to strengthened shells.

49 Which of the following correctly traces the energy transfer through the trophic levels in the

marine food web shown below?

A	Fish  sea birds  seal  penguin
B	Phytoplankton  krill  fish  seal
C	Seal  sea birds  fish  phytoplankton
D	Zooplankton  phytoplankton  krill  squid

50 Which of the following describes how the amount of energy changes as it flows from one

trophic level to the next in the marine food web shown below?

F	Energy increases as it is transferred from penguins to seals, since seals are more massive than penguins.
G	Energy decreases as it is transferred from zooplankton to fish, since zooplankton are producers and fish are consumers.
H	When krill consume phytoplankton, about 90 percent of the phytoplankton’s energy is transferred to the krill.
J	When sea birds consume fish, about 10 percent of the fish’s energy is transferred to the sea birds.

51 Many insects, such as mosquitoes and dragonflies, spend their juvenile stage as aquatic larvae before becoming winged and airborne adults. Most years, these insects are extremely abundant in the Arctic tundra in summer. What might account for this?

A	Adult insects spend the long Arctic winter laying thousands of eggs under the ice of frozen ponds.
B	Many insects migrate long distances to take advantage of good breeding areas in the tundra.
C	Pools of water which make good breeding areas are plentiful in summer as the permafrost melts.
D	Summer rains in the Arctic tundra replenish breeding ponds that dried up during the winter.

52 A population of rodents becomes stranded on a remote island. Eventually, the population reaches the island’s carrying capacity. At this point, the birth and death rates are

F	relatively equal.	H	density dependent.
G	crashing.	J	density independent.

53 If a snake species were introduced to an ecosystem where it had no natural predators, what long-­-term effect do you predict the snakes would have on the population dynamics of the ecosystem?

A	They would breed with native snake species, resulting in an increase in biodiversity in the ecosystem.
B	They would compete with native snake species for resources, causing a decline in native snake populations and possibly extinction.
C	They would form mutualistic relationships with native snakes, since they would occupy the same niche in the ecosystem.
D	They would serve as a food source for predators of native snakes, causing an increase in native snake populations.

54 Carbon Dioxide is important in our atmosphere because it is required for photosynthesis and traps some heat, keeping the Earth warm. However, human produced carbon dioxide is a problem because it

F	leads to higher global temperatures.
G	disrupts the natural cycling of other greenhouse gases.
H	add too much carbon dioxide to the oceans.
J	causes uncontrolled photosynthesis.

55 The choices that humans make every day affect the environment. Sometimes, our lifestyles can harm the environment rather than protect it. Which of the following would be most helpful in protecting the environment and achieving sustainability?

A	Buying paper products made from harvested trees
B	Buying fewer mass produced products
C	Using natural gas as a fuel source instead of petroleum
D	Using solar power to generate electricity

56 Terrestrial plants have a waxy covering produced by the dermal tissues called the cuticle. If this waxy covering was overproduced so that the stomata became clogged, what would happen to the plant?

F	Glucose produced during photosynthesis would be prevented from reaching the rest of the plant, and energy production by cellular respiration would stop.
G	Sunlight would not be able to reach the plant's ground tissue cells through the thick dermal tissue, and the plant's ability to perform photosynthesis would be damaged.
H	The plant would not be able to absorb water and oxygen from the air, and the plant would dry out, limiting most cell functions.
J	The plant would not be able to exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide, and the plant's ability to perform photosynthesis would be limited.

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