Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question

228 Examine the graph below.

In 1988, a large shopping mall was built in the area where the sparrows lived. According to the information in the graph, how did this affect the sparrow population over a period of time?

F	The sparrow population increased because humans fed the sparrows
G	The sparrow population was unaffected by the shopping mall
H	The sparrow population increased because predators were taken away
J	The sparrow population decreased because of habitat destruction

229 A group of scientists studied the effects of pesticides on a local ecosystem. Over a number of years, they estimated the size of the populations of insect pests and beneficial species of insects in one area. Their findings from the first years of their study are illustrated below.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between the two populations of insects before the introduction of pesticides?

A	As the population of the beneficial insects increased, so did the population of the pests
B	As the population of the beneficial insects decreased, so did the population of the pests
C	As the population of the beneficial insects increased, the population of the pests decreased
D	The populations do not appear to have had an effect on each other

230 Mistletoe grows on trees. It sends its roots into the tree and uses the nutrients that could otherwise be used by the tree. If mistletoe benefits from the relationship and the tree is harmed, what kind of relationship exists between the two organisms?

F	commensalism	H	parasitism
G	mutualism	J	predation

231 Which of the following environmental effects CANNOT be attributed to acid rain?

A	damage to trees and a decline of forest communities
B	an increase in CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere
C	damage to historic buildings and monuments
D	death of aquatic organisms in lakes and streams

232 Which of the following circumstances will allow a population to grow?

F	Emigration is greater than immigration
G	The birth rate is equal to the death rate
H	The death rate is higher than the birth rate
J	The birth rate is greater than the death rate

233 The graph below shows the average monthly values of atmospheric carbon dioxide.

How can the dip in carbon dioxide levels shown on the graph be related to the carbon cycle?

A	Increased plant growth and photosynthesis during summer months remove more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
B	Erosion of farmland removes carbon dioxide from the air
C	More carbon dioxide is dissolved in lake and ocean waters during the warm summer months
D	Fewer trees are cut for firewood during warmer months

234 A carbon sink is a part of Earth’s ecosystem that stores carbon in one form or another for hundreds, thousands, and even millions of years. Forests and oceans are known to be carbon sinks. Which of the following marine organisms play a major role in making the ocean a carbon sink?

F	whales, because they are large and can take up large amounts of carbon
G	gelatinous zooplankton, because their biomass consists largely of water
H	marine mammals, because they are high up on the food chain
J	phytoplankton, because they are extremely numerous and they use carbon dioxide during photosynthesis

235 Termites use the cellulose in wood as the main energy source in their diet. However, termites do not produce the enzymes necessary to break down the sugars in cellulose. Bacteria living in the digestive system of termites break down cellulose for the termites. Both the termites and the bacteria benefit from this relationship. This is an example of what type of relationship?

A	commensalism	C	parasitism
B	mutualism	D	predation

236 Infer why certain types of fungi in a landfill might be helpful to the environment.

F	Fungi reduce unpleasant odors
G	Fungi give off less methane gas than other decomposers
H	Some fungi can break down tough plastics
J	Fungi remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere

237 Rosa compared the arthropod that she collected with a dead specimen that is part of her teacher’s labeled collection of arthropods. The dead specimen, labeled an arachnid, looks identical to the live arthropod, except that the dead specimen has only six legs and is asymmetrical. Which of the following is MOST LIKELY true?

A	The live arthropod is an insect that has grown extra legs due to a mutation
B	The dead specimen is a nymph and is missing legs because it did not fully mature
C	The dead specimen is an insect, because it has six legs and an asymmetrical body plan
D	The dead specimen is an arachnid that has been damaged. Two of the legs are missing

238 In which biogeochemical cycle do the symbiotic bacteria in the roots of many plants play an important role?

F	carbon cycle	H	phosphorus cycle
G	nitrogen cycle	J	water cycle

239 Which of the following is an example of coevolution?

A	plants producing spines, thorns, or nettles to protect themselves against predators
B	birds leaving the nest where they were born
C	animals learning to graze for food
D	stomach enzymes operating optimally in acid environments

240 Researchers have found that the Abert’s squirrel population on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon fluctuates from year to year, increasing one year and decreasing the next. Which of the following factors would cause the squirrel population to grow?

F	Emigration is greater than immigration
G	The birth rate is equal to the death rate
H	The death rate is higher than the birth rate
J	The birth rate is greater than the death rate

241 Which of the following is an environmental effect associated with acid rain?

A	damage to trees and a decline of forest communities
B	an increase in CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere
C	lower levels of pollution
D	increase in number of aquatic organisms in lakes and streams

242 Which organism has the same role as lions in the savanna?

F	algae in the ocean	H	grasshopper in the prairie
G	coyote in the chaparral	J	tree frog in the tropical rain forest

243 In which biome would you find most nocturnal animals?

A	desert	C	taiga
B	savanna	D	tundra

244 Look at the map of Earth’s climate zones below. Where are biomes with the largest number of plant and animal species located?

F	in the polar zones
G	in the tropical zones
H	in the temperate zones
J	only in the northern portion of the tropical zones

245 Radiant energy from the sun is converted to chemical energy by the process of

A	diffusion	C	photosynthesis
B	osmosis	D	mitosis

246 The Yellowstone area contains organisms representing all trophic levels, including plants, algae, mosses, fungi, blue jays, fish, and grizzly bears. Which sequence BEST represents the transfer of energy through Yellowstone trophic levels?

F	blue jay to moss to fungi to plant
G	fungi to moss to algae to fish
H	plant to blue jay to algae to grizzly bear
J	algae to fish to grizzly bear to fungi

247 Examine the diagram below.

What process is illustrated?

A	succession	C	pioneer speciation
B	ecological bottleneck	D	ecosystem boundaries

248 Some plants have stems that can hold water and carry on photosynthesis, and almost no leaves. In which type of habitat would this be important?

F	grassland	H	swamp
G	rainforest	J	desert

249 When a tick feeds on a human blood, what type of ecological interaction exists?

A	mutualism	C	succession
B	commensalism	D	parasitism

250 An animal that feeds on plants is, at the least, in which of the following?

F	first trophic level	H	third trophic level
G	second trophic level	J	fourth trophic level

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