Legend of Symbols for the Cognātarium

Symbol	Meaning
●	The green bullet lists words that are derived from the same morpheme, but have variant spelling.
●	The red bullet lists words that are not in fact related to the subject morpheme, although the reader might assume that they are related.
●	The blue bullet lists “Same as” stems, “See also” stems, and other commentary on the subject morpheme.
●	The aqua (cyan) bullet lists foreign words that are derived from the same morpheme.
||	This symbol marks the start of the etymology of the morpheme.
	This symbol in the etymology means “from” and indicates the source of the morpheme. For example “ Gr” means from Greek.
	This symbol in the etymology means “to” and indicates words that arise from the term to the left. For example “L pati patiens” means that Latin patiens is derived from pati.
*	This asterisk symbol in the etymology means hypothetical, or not attested. It means that the root is hypothesized based on linguistic evidence, but that no written record of the stem has been found. All Indo-European roots are so marked, as we have no written evidence of the Proto-Indo-European language.
†	This dagger symbol means the origin is unknown.

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aard– {earth}: aardvark, aardwolf ||  Afrik. Du aarde : earth; akin to Ger erde, erd– : earth IE *er– : earth, ground

ab–¹ {father}: abba, abbacy, abbatial, abbess, abbey, abbot, Abigail, Abner, Abraham, Absalom ●Fr. abbé ||  L Gr Aram abba : father

ab–², abs– {indicates removal: off, away from}: abdicate, abduct, aberration, abhor, ab initio, abject, abjure, ablate, ablative, ablaut, ablution, abnegate, abnormal, abolish, abomasum, abominate, aborigine, abort, abound, ab ovo, abrade, abrogate, abrupt, abscess, abscissa, abscond, absent, absolute, absolve, absorb, abstain, abstemious, abstract, abstruse, absurd, abundant, abuse ●for assimilated forms see Appendix A ●compare ad–² ||  L ab– : away, off, from off, down

abl– {to manage, to have skill}: able, ability, disability, memorabilia ●as a suffix, often –ible or –ibility ●same as habil– ||  ME OFr hable, habile L habilis : easily managed, handy habēre (pp. habitum) : to have, to hold freq. habito : to inhabit, to dwell; habitus : condition, habit, bearing

abs– ●see ab–²

ac– {point, needle, sharp}: acerate (needle-shaped), acerose, acicula, acid, acidophilus, aciform, acme, acne ●more at acerb–, acet–, acr–, acu– ●see also acanth–, acro–, gar–³, oxy– ||  L acuere (pp. acūtum) : to sharpen to a point acūmen : sharp point; acus : needle; ācer, ācris : sharp, cutting; acerbus : bitter, harsh; acidus : sharp, sour; ācrimōnia : sharpness, keenness IE *ak– : sharp

acanth– {thorn}: acanthoid, acanthus, coelacanth, pyracantha, tragacanth ●see also ac– ||  Gr akantha : thorn akē : a point IE *ak– : sharp

acar– {an order of arachnids that includes ticks and mites}: acariasis, acarid, acaroid, acarology ||  Gr akari : mite akarēs : tiny, too small to cut a– : not + keirein : to cut

acerb– {sharp, bitter}: acerb, acerbate, exacerbate ●part of ac– ||  L acerbus : bitter, sour acerbare : to make bitter, to aggravate IE *ak– : sharp

acet– {vinegar}: acetabulum, acetaldehyde, acetate, acetic, acetify, acetone, acetous, acetum, acetyl, acetylene, acetylsalicylic ●part of ac– ||  L acētum : vinegar root ac– : sharp, point acus : needle IE *ak– : sharp

acr– {sharp}: acrid, acridine, acriflavine, acrimony, acrolein, acrylic ●part of ac– ||  L ācris, fem. of ācer : sharp, cutting IE *ak– : sharp

acro– {point, extremity, topmost, height}: acrobat, acrocarpous, acrocephaly, acrogen, acrolein, acrolith, acromegaly, acromion, acronym, acropetal, acrophobia, acropolis, acrospire, acrostic ●see also ac– ||  Gr akros : at the point, end, or top IE *ak– : sharp

act– {to do}: act, action, activate, active, activist, activity, actor, actress, actual, actuary, actuate, counteract, deactivate, enact, exact (to demand), exact (precise), hyperactive, inaction, interact, react, reaction, reactionary, redact, retroactive, surfactant, transaction ●same as ag–, ig– ||  L actus : a doing or moving agere (pp. actum) : to do, to set in motion, to drive actio (gen. actiōnis) : action, doing; actor : doer, driver

actin– {ray}: actinal, actinide, actiniform, actinism, actinium, actinoid, actinology, actinometer, actinomorphic, actinomycin, actinomycosis, protactinium ||  Gr aktis (gen. aktinos) : ray

acu– {needle, sharp}: acuate, acuity, aculeate, acumen, acuminate, acupuncture, acute ●part of ac– ||  L acus : needle stem ac– : point, sharp acuēre (pp. acūtum) : to sharpen to a point; acūmen : sharp point IE *ak– : sharp

ad–¹ {a group consisting of the number given}: monad, duad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, hebdomad, heptad, octad, ennead, decade, chiliad, Olympiad ||  Gr & L genitive-forming suffix; as in LL monas : one (gen. monadis)

ad–² {indicates motion towards or position near: to, towards, at, near}: adage, adapt, ad astra per aspera, add (→dition–), addict, address, adept, adequate, adhere, ad hoc, ad infinitum, adit, adjacent, adjective, adjourn, adjunct, adjust, adjutant, ad-lib, administer, admire, admit, admonish, ad nauseam, adolescent, adopt, adore, adorn, adrenalin, adsorb, adult, adulterate, advance, advent, adventure, adverb, adversary, advertise, advise, advocate ●see also Appendix A ●compare ab–² ●in words of Latin origin, ad– assimilates to ac– before c or q (accuse, acquit), af– before f (affirm), ag– before g (aggregrate), al– before l (alleviate), an– before n (annul), ap– before p (approve), ar– before r (arrest), as– before s (assimilate), at– before t (attain), and a– before sc, sp, or st (ascend, aspire, astringent). ||  L ad– : to, toward, near

add– {to give more, to add}: add, addend, addendum, additament, addition, additional, additive ●comb. of ad–² + dition– ||  L addere (pp. additum) : to give to, to bring to, to add ad– : to + –dere (in comb.) dare : to give; additio : an adding, a giving to

adel– {noble}: Adelaide, Adelbert, Adele, Adeline ●Adolf ●same as al–², ethel– ||  OHG adal : nobility

adelph– {brother}: diadelphous, monadelphous, Philadelphia, polyadelphous ||  Gr adelphos : brother a– (copulative) + delphys : womb

aden– {gland}: adenine, adenitis, adenocarcinoma, adenoid, adenoma, adenovirus ||  Gr adēn : gland

adip– {fat}: adipocere, adipose ||  L adeps (gen. adipis) : fat ult. Gr aleipha : fat

Adon– {lord}: Adonai, Adonia, Adonis ||  Heb Adonai : my lord Sem adōn, adun : lord

adulter– {to pollute, to defile}: adulterate, adulterer, adulterine, adultery, unadulterated ●comb. of ad–² + altr– ||  L adulterare : to commit adultery, to defile, to corrupt ad– : to, toward + alter : other, another

aeol– {the wind}: aeolian, Aeolus ||  Gr Aeolus : god of the winds aiolos quick, changeable

aer– {air}: aerate, aerial, aerobatics, aerobe, aerobic, aerodynamic, aeronautics, aeronomy, aeroplane, aerosol, aerospace, anaerobic ●unrelated: aerie ●same as ari– ||  L āēr : air

aesth– ●see esth–

aft– {behind}: abaft, aft, after, afterward ||  ME afte OE æftan

ag– {to do, to drive}: agency, agenda, agent, agile, agitate, ambage, coagulate, reagent, stratagem ●cogent, cogitate ●same as act–, ig– ●see also purg– ||  L agere : to set in motion, to drive freq. agitare : to drive about, to put in constant motion

agap– {love}: agapanthus, agape (love), agape (love feast) ||  LGr agapē Gr agapan : to greet with affection, to love

agog– {to lead}: anagoge, demagogue, emmenagogue, galactagogue, hypnagogic, pedagogue, mystagogue, synagogue ||  Gr agōgos : leader agein : to lead

agon– {contest, struggle}: agon, agonize, agony, antagonist, antagonize, deuteragonist, protagonist ||  Gr agōn : assembly, contest agein : to lead •–agonist Gr agōnistēs : actor agōnizesthai : to contend for a prize agōn

agor– {assembly, place of assembly, to speak in assembly}: agora, agoraphobia, phantasmagoria ●same as egor– ||  Gr agoreuein ēgor : to speak in public agor : marketplace, assembly

agr– {field}: see agri–, agro–

agra– {seizure}: pellagra, podagra ||  Gr agra : seizure

agr(i)– {field, soil, land, property}: agrarian, agrestal, agrestic, agri–, agribusiness, agriculture ●see also agro– ||  L ager (gen. agri) field, land agrārius : of land, of the division of public land; agrestis : of the fields or country, rustic; agricola : tiller of the fields, farmer; agrīcultura : tilling the fields, agriculture; IE *agro– : field Gr agros : field

agr(o)– {field}: agriology, agro–, agrobiology, agrochemical, agronomics, agrostology ●see also agri– ||  Gr agros : field IE *agro– : field L ager : field

ailur– {cat}: ailuromancy, ailurophile, ailurophobia ||  Gr ailouros : cat

al–¹ ●see ali–, allelo–, allo–, altr– ●see also allax–

al–² {noble}: Albert, Alice, Alicia, Alison, Alphonse, Alvin ●unrelated: Alfred, Alan, Allen ●same as adel–, ethel– ||  OHG adal : nobility

al–³ {to nourish, to nurture, to grow}: coalesce, coalition, alible, altricial, alumnus ●see also alim–, alma–, prol– ||  L alere : to rear, to feed, to nourish altor (fem. altrix) : one who nourishes

al–⁴ {wing}: ala, alar, alary, alate, aliform, aliped, alula ●aileron ||  L āla : wing

alb– {white}: alb, albedo, albescent, albinism, albino, album, albumen, albumin, terra alba ●auburn ●compare negr– ||  L albus : white album : white color; albere : to be white

ald–, old– {power, to rule}: Arnold, Donald, Gerald, Harold, herald, Reginald, Reynold, Ronald ●same as wald– ||  Gmc root wealdan or waldan to be strong, to have power, to rule

aleator– {game of dice, game of chance, chance, uncertainty}: aleatoric, aleatory ||  L āleātorius : of gambling āleātor : gambler ālea : chance, game of dice, dice †