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Space Debris 2NC --- GPS Key to Economy
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- GPS is key to power grids
- GPS loss kills the economy
Space Debris 2NC --- GPS Key to EconomyGPS is key to heg and the global economyLogsdon 1 – John M. Logsdon, director of the Space Policy Institute at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs in Washington, DC, Spring 2001, “Just Say Wait to Space Power,” Issues in Science and Technologies, http://www.issues.org/17.3/p_logsdon.htm For the new Bush administration, U.S. national security strategy will be based on two pillars: information dominance as key to global power projection, and protection of the U.S. homeland and troops overseas through defense against ballistic missile attack. Space capabilities are essential to achieving success in the first of these undertakings. Intelligence, surveillance, and communication satellites and satellites for navigation, positioning, and timing are key to information dominance. Space-based early warning sensors are also essential to an effective ballistic missile defense system that includes the capability to intercept missiles during their vulnerable boost phase; such a system appears to be under consideration. Using space systems in these ways would not involve space weaponization. However, under some missile defense scenarios, kinetic energy weapons could be based in space; they could thus become the first space weapons and open the door to stationing additional types of weapons in space in coming decades. Worth particular attention as a likely indication of the administration's stance on space power issues is a report released on January 11, 2001, on how best to ensure that U.S. space capabilities can be used in support of national security objectives. The report (www.space.gov) was prepared by the congressionally chartered Commission to Assess United States National Security Space Management and Organization, which was chaired by Donald Rumsfeld, now the secretary of defense. It was created at the behest of Senator Robert Smith (R-N.H.), a strong supporter of military space power who has suggested in the past the need for a U.S. Space Force as a fourth military service. The conclusions and recommendations of the report deserve careful scrutiny and discussion; they sketch an image of the future role of space systems that implies a significant upgrading of their contributions to U.S. national security, including the eventual development of space weapons. There is a common theme running through this and other recent space policy studies. In the words of the commission report, "the security and economic well being of the United States and its allies and friends depends on the nation's ability to operate successfully in space." This is clearly a valid conclusion, but one that has seemingly not yet made much of an impression on the public's consciousness. The availability of the many services dependent on space systems appears to be taken for granted by the public. However, if space capabilities were denied to the U.S. military, it would be impossible to carry out a modern military operation, particularly one distant from the United States. The civilian sector is equally dependent on space. Communication satellites carry voice, video, and data to all corners of Earth and are integral to the functioning of the global economy. The commission noted that failure of a single satellite in May 1998 disabled 80 percent of the pagers in the United States, as well as video feeds for cable and broadcast transmission, credit card authorization networks, and corporate communication systems. If the U.S. GPS system were to experience a major failure, it would disrupt fire, ambulance, and police operations around the world; cripple the global financial and banking system; interrupt electric power distribution; and in the future could threaten air traffic control. GPS is key to power gridsGydesen 6 – Paul W. Gydesen, Lieutenant Colonel of USAF, February 2006, “What Is The Impact To National Security Without Commercial Space Applications?” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/gydesen.pdf In addition to navigation, GPS provides extremely accurate timing data. This highly reliable, very accurate time source is being incorporated into many commercial applications. Mr. Norman Martello, in an article for Electric Perspectives, notes: “Timing data synchronizes power plant generators to provide electric phase matching and fault detection throughout power grids in the United States. Timing and synchronization is critical to control the generation and distribution loop within the power grid, to share power with adjacent grids, and to identify quickly the location of short circuits within the system.”21 GPS eliminated the need to maintain costly microwave towers which proved to be expensive in remote regions. GPS loss kills the economyGydesen 6 – Paul W. Gydesen, Lieutenant Colonel of USAF, February 2006, “What Is The Impact To National Security Without Commercial Space Applications?” http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc/gydesen.pdf All vital networks use some type of encryption. The Federal Reserve, the stock markets and brokerage firms, social security and Medicare are a few examples of encrypted networks that use GPS data.31 The loss of timing data is less critical to the computers within the network, but it would affect the ability of the network to connect with another network. For example, the computers at Bank of America would continue to operate; however, their computer network would not be able to synchronize with the Federal Reserve system if the time stamps do not agree. Failure to connect means the daily transactions cannot be reconciled. This could quickly become significant. In a study of Year 2000-related foreign exchange failures, a single major bank’s inability to settle its trades could reach $3.3 billion per week.32 That amount was only for foreign stock exchanges. The amounts for daily United States transactions would be higher. Twenty-five years ago, the banking industry used reel-to-reel tapes to reconcile daily transactions. At the end of the banking day, a tape was run of all transactions and sent via courier to the Federal Reserve. Reconciliation was conducted by the Federal Reserve in the early morning hours. It was not until the next day that a bank received its formal ledger from the Federal Reserve. In the event of a network failure a similar type of system could be reinstituted using compact disks; however, there are no procedures in place to perform this task. It could take days to put a system in place. A long delay would add to people’s apprehension and loss of confidence. A single failure like this could easily lead to chaos. Recall the impact of PanAmSat's Galaxy 4 satellite outage in 1998. The malfunction interrupted television and cable transmission, rendered idle millions of pagers and blanked out thousands of private networks that operate such services as fast-pay pumps at gas stations. It was estimated that the failure disrupted pager services for tens of millions of people in the United States.33 The failure of one satellite caused this wide-spread disruption. Try to imagine that type of impact multiplied across many systems simultaneously. It is a nightmare scenario. The Honorable Emmett Paige, Jr., Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence stated in testimony to congress regarding Year 2000 computer network issues, “If a particular system fails, we have generally learned how to work around an individual failure. However, if a problem, that happens to be common in most of our systems, were to cause failures in all of those systems at the same instant, the consequences might be catastrophic.”34 Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 1.17 Mb. Share with your friends:
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