International business transactions


American Bell Intl Inc. v. Iran and Manny Hanny



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OUTLINE International Business Transactions
American Bell Intl Inc. v. Iran and Manny Hanny (S.D.N.Y. 1979) p.385

  • Sets forth “criteria for determining whether to grant to extraordinary remedy of a preliminary injunction

    • There must be a strong showing of possible irreparable injury and either

      • (1) probable success on the merits or

      • (2) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation and a balance of hardships tipping decidedly toward the party requesting the preliminary relief

  • In order to succeed on the merits, P must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, the either

    • (1) a demand for payment of the L/C conforming to the terms of the letter has not yet been made, or

    • (2) a demand, even though in conformity, should not be honored because of fraud in the transaction.

  • Court held that “it is not probable, in the sense of a greater than 50% likelihood, that Bell will be able to prove either nonconformity or fraud”

  • Demand which facially conforms to the L/C and which contains no misstatements ma be considered fraudulent if made with the goal of mulcting the party who caused the L/C to be issued

    • But P cannot contend that every party who breaches or repudiates his contract is for that reason culpable of fraud

  • If P fails to P fails to demonstrate probable success, he may still obtain relief by showing in addition to the possibility of irreparable injury, both (1) sufficiently serious questions going to the merits to make them a fair ground for litigation, and (2) a balance of hardships tipping decidedly toward him.

  • One who reaps the rewards of commercial arrangements must also accept their burdens.


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