Int’l cps- brag lab- wave 1 Theory
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CanadaMethaneCanada fails at Methane Hydrates, they’ve dropped out of the raceCBC 13 [ CBC news “ Canada drops out of race to tap methane hydrates” http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/canada-drops-out-of-race-to-tap-methane-hydrates-1.1358966] Canada is abandoning a 15-year program that was researching ways to tap a potentially revolutionary energy source, just as Japan is starting to use the results to exploit the new fossil-fuel frontier: methane hydrates. Methane hydrates are crystals full of methane gas found both offshore and under the permafrost. Low temperatures and high pressure cause methane and water to crystallize into ice-like deposits. They represent an unexploited source of energy estimated to be larger than all the world's known coal, oil and gas reserves combined. 300px-hydrates-seafloor Offshore hydrates can be formed in large white clusters, but it is more common to find them mixed in sand on the ocean floor. (Courtesy Scientific Party, RV Atlantis/Alvin Expedition) Methane is considered to be cleaner than other fossil fuels, and if methane is used instead of oil and coal, significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions could be achieved. Producing gas from hydrates could also avoid the water pollution issues connected with the extraction of shale gas through "fracking" techniques. The environmental impact of methane production has yet to be completely assessed, but researchers say they expect the issues would be comparable to those of offshore conventional natural gas production. Canada and Japan have been partners in the quest to extract methane from hydrates. Since 2000, Natural Resources Canada has invested more than $16 million in the venture. Japan spent around $60 million between 2002 and 2008 to finance production tests in the Canadian Arctic. On March 18 this year the Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corp. reached a milestone, successfully completing a test to produce methane gas from offshore hydrate formations for the first time, using extraction techniques pioneered in Canada. Despite the success, Canadian federal funding from Natural Resources Canada for research into exploiting methane hydrates was cut as of March 31 — just a couple of weeks after the offshore production tests in Japan. The ministry told CBC News the decision was made in 2012. AT: MPAs CPCanada’s MPA’s fail, one of the worst in the worldNowlan 13 [Linda Nowlan is WWF-Canada’s Director of Pacific Conservation. An environmental lawyer for more than twenty years With three coasts, the longest coastline of the world, and vast, rich ocean spaces under our control, where does Canada sit on the world’s ranking of marine protected areas (MPAs) “Canada, Ocean Nation, Needs More Marine Protected Areas”http://blog.wwf.ca/blog/2013/09/10/canada-ocean-nation-needs-marine-protected-areas/] With three coasts, the longest coastline of the world, and vast, rich ocean spaces under our control, where does Canada sit on the world’s ranking of marine protected areas (MPAs)? First? Tenth? Nope, we rank 100 out of the 172 nations according to the Protected Planet Report 2012. We’re slipping behind many other countries around the world. Our friends at the Living Oceans Society calculated that Canada has fallen from 66th place (of the 172 signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity with coastlines) with only 0.63 percent of our territorial waters protected in 1990, to 100th place with the nominal increase to 1.25 percent in 2010. Most countries lag far behind in MPAs compared to parks on land. You know the situation is dire when National Geographic asks if it’s too late to save our oceans. Bowie Seamount, Pacific Ocean, Canada Bowie Seamount, off the coast of British Columbia, Canada, is one of the most biologically rich seamounts in the northeast Pacific. It was designated a Marine Protected Area (MPA) on 21 April 2008. Only 1.25% of our ocean area is protected. That’s a long way from the target set by the global community a few years ago: to conserve 10% of the world’s marine areas to be effectively and equitably protected and managed by 2020. For some inspiration, look at how Australia is doing with MPAs. South KoreaFishingFishingSouth Korean fishing doesn’t solve, new boating laws.WF 13 [ World fishing World Fishing is dedicated to all aspects of commercial fishing. It provides readers with the latest news and product launches, alongside country profile features, interviews and regular columns from fishery experts. “Challenging times for South Korea”http://www.worldfishing.net/news101/regional-focus/challenging-times-for-south-korea South Korea’s fishing industry is navigating a challenging period as the government seeks a further reduction in fishing boat numbers along with further expansion of aquaculture production to ensure the long term sustainability of the fisheries sector, reports David Hayes. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, South Korea’s total fishery production reached 3.1 million tonnes in 2010, accounting for 2.1% of total world production. This positions South Korea as the world’s 12th largest fishery producer after Russia. Marine capture fisheries amounted to 1.84 million tonnes, accounting for 58% of the country’s total fisheries output. Coastal and offshore fisheries production total 1.23 million tonnes annually, representing two thirds of marine capture fisheries production and 40% of South Korea’s total fisheries production. The major species caught are mackerel, hairtail, anchovy, squid, croaker, blue crab and clams. Distant water fisheries production is 612,000 tonnes representing one third of marine capture fisheries production and 20% of South Korea’s total fisheries output. The main species caught are tuna, saury, Alaska Pollack, squid and krill. Aquaculture output, meanwhile, was 1.31 million tonnes in 2010 representing 42% of total fisheries production. The main species are flounder, rockfish, oysters, laver, kelp and abalone. Changes South Korea’s fisheries industry has seen a number of major changes during the past three decades according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries figures, with marine fisheries declining in output while aquaculture production has doubled as a proportion of total fishery production from about 20% in 1980 to over 40% today. Marine capture fisheries has declined from about 57% of total production in 1980 to account for around 37% of output at present after the share remained stable at almost 50% of total fisheries output during most of the 1990s. Distant water fisheries have declined as a proportion of total fisheries production during the past two decades and represents around 20% of fisheries output today. Distant water fisheries decline in importance has followed earlier growth in the 1980s as a result of which the share of distant waters fishery catch rose to around 30% of the nation’s total fishery production in 1990. This resulted from South Korean fishing fleet owners expanding their distant waters fishing activities to offset the concurrent decline in marine capture fisheries in the country’s own territorial waters. Located in the south of the Korean peninsular with the Yellow Sea to the west and the East Sea to the east of the country, South Korea has a 11,540km coastline and relies on the fisheries sector for a growing share of its animal protein consumption needs. 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