Inventory of confidence- and security-building measures applied by members states of the
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- Methodology
- Analysis
- Final considerations
I. INTRODUCTION
With the adoption of the Santiago Commitment to Democracy and the Renewal of the Inter-American System in Santiago, Chile in 1991, the member states of the Organization began a process of joint reflection on hemispheric security in the light of new realities in the world and the region. As a result, in 1992 the General Assembly adopted resolution AG/RES. 1179 (XXII-O/92), “Cooperation for Security and Development in the Hemisphere,” in which it decided on several guidelines and commitments to guide the future work of the Organization on this matter. In 1993, the General Assembly convened a meeting of experts on confidence- and security-building measures in the region [AG/RES. 1237 (XXIII-O/93)], which was held in Buenos Aires in 1994 – a major step forward in reaching agreements on the topic. At the First Summit of the Americas, held in Miami in December 1994, the heads of state and government of the Hemisphere pledged to support “actions to encourage a regional dialogue to promote the strengthening of mutual confidence, preparing the way for a regional conference on confidence- and security-building measures in 1995.” Accordingly, the OAS member states held the Regional Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in Santiago, Chile in November 1995. The Declaration of Santiago on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures, adopted at that conference, contains eleven measures to foster confidence and security through dialogue, communication, and transparency in matters related to defense and security. Those measures are attached as Appendix 1 to this document. Through resolutions AG/RES. 1412 of 1996 and AG/RES. 1495 of 1997, the General Assembly convened a regional conference to follow up on the Santiago conference. Thus, the Second Regional Conference on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures was held, in follow-up to the Santiago Conference, in February 1998 in San Salvador. At that Conference, member states agreed on nine additional measures, which are also found in Appendix 1 to this document. The confidence- and security-building measures (CSBMs) do more than benefit the states directly involved in their adoption and implementation. Awareness of them on the part of other states helps to build trust at the regional level and facilitates their adaptation and possible implementation. The Declaration of Santiago states: “In view of the importance of knowing about other measures being applied or that might be adopted, the representatives agree to provide periodically to the OAS Committee on Hemispheric Security information on the application of confidence- and security-building measures so as to facilitate preparation of the complete and systematic inventory of these measures, as instructed by the OAS General Assembly.” Reaffirming this commitment, General Assembly resolutions AG/RES. 1409 (XXVI-O/96), AG/RES. 1494 (XXVII-O/97), AG/RES. 1566 (XXVIII-O/98), and AG/RES. 1623 (XXIX-O/99) call on member states to provide information on the application of confidence- and security-building measures, so as to facilitate the preparation of the complete and systematic inventory of these measures. The OAS General Assembly, through operative paragraph 3 of resolution AG/RES. 1623 (XXIX-O/99), requested that the Secretary General, “maintain and facilitate access to the comprehensive inventory of confidence- and security-building measures which the member states have submitted.” In compliance with these mandates, on March 8, 2000 the General Secretariat presented the first complete, comprehensive inventory of information gathered from 1996 through December 1999 (document CP/CSH-275/00). The General Assembly requested that the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB) keep an updated inventory of confidence- and security-building measures of a military nature, through resolutions AG/RES. 1494 (XXVII-O/97), AG/RES. 1566 (XXVIII-O/98), and AG/RES. 1623 (XXIX-O/99). To prevent the duplication of efforts and avoid having two separate inventories, one by the OAS and another by the IADB, the General Assembly, at its thirtieth regular session, instructed the General Secretariat to: “Coordinate with the Inter-American Defense Board in the preparation of a complete and updated inventory of confidence- and security-building measures based on reports presented by member states pursuant to resolution AG/RES. 1623 (XXIX-O/99).” The following inventory is presented in compliance with that mandate and, as such, is a compilation of the information presented by member states to the General Secretariat and to the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB). The inventory includes the reports received since the last inventory was published through August 2001. Like the previous inventory, this document compiles the information presented by member states on the application of confidence- and security-building measures from three categories of documents:
Although in the inventory the title of each measure in terms of category, according to the following pattern: Measures are enumerated in the order in which they are listed in each of the declarations. To prevent confusion between two measures that share the same number but were established at different regional conferences, those arising in Santiago are labeled “Ch,” and those arising in San Salvador are labeled “S” (See Appendix 1, the list of measures). The reports are grouped by country, and the country sections are in Spanish alphabetical order. When a country has presented multiple reports, these are listed chronologically. This inventory does not include the entire text of all notes and documents appended by the states. It mentions only the specific activity carried out. Copies of all the reports in their entirety are available to all member states at the Committee Secretariat. The reports are identified by classification number so that interested member states may consult them more easily. Reports submitted to the Board can be consulted by member states at the IADB or the Committee Secretariat, even if they do not have an OAS classification number. The information has been provided by the states in a variety of formats, with varying degrees of detail. Where the information presented was categorized according to the Santiago and San Salvador measures, naturally that categorization has been followed. When such a category was not indicated, the Secretariat took the liberty of organizing the information in an effort to maintain consistency within the inventory.
a. Number of participants This report incorporates information from 14 countries that submitted reports on CSBMs to the Inter-American Defense Board and the General Secretariat between July 11, 2000, and August 15, 2001. Of these 14 countries, Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, and Trinidad and Tobago have submitted reports for the first time. This total is similar to the results received in 1998 and 1999 (15 and 16 countries, respectively). We can thus conclude that the number of countries reporting CSBMs is plateauing at around 50% of the total member states. b. Measures most often applied Information compiled to date shows that of the 14 states that have reported the adoption of measures, ten report that they have applied measure 9 from the Declaration of Santiago on holding seminars, courses, and studies on CSBMs. T en states reported the application of measures 3 and 5 from the Declaration of Santiago on promotion of the development and exchange of information concerning defense policies and doctrines (3 Ch.) and agreements on invitation of observers to military exercises, visits to military installations, arrangements for observing routine operations and exchange of civilian and military personnel for regular and advanced training (5-Ch.). Eight states reported on the application of measures 2 and 8 of the Declaration of Santiago on: participation in the United Nations Register of Conventional Arms and the Standardized International Reporting of Military Expenditures (2-Ch.), and development and establishment of communications among civilian or military authorities of neighboring countries in accordance with their border situation (8-Ch.). Seven states or less reported applying the remaining measures in both Declarations. In general, there is a trend towards most often applying the same measures as in previous years, i.e. measures 2, 3, 5, 7, and 8 of the Declaration of Santiago.
Certain indications can be drawn from the foregoing to facilitate the preparation of future reports. The first is related to the deadline for transmitting information set in the General Assembly resolutions–April 15 of each year. That date has been found to be quite inopportune for the states to report on the CSBMs they implemented throughout the previous year and for the Committee on Hemispheric Security to complete its work and report thereon to the General Assembly, which meets in early June of each year. In light of this, it would be advisable for the member states to explore the possibility of pushing the deadline back several months so that all applicable measures from the previous year can be incorporated into a single report. More standardized reporting of the measures and their categorization by the reporting countries produce a more organized inventory that more accurately reflects the intention and objectives behind their application. Use of a computerized system could be a valuable instrument to that end. For the purpose of analysis, if deemed pertinent, the countries could contribute some analysis, when reporting on the measures, particularly regarding the generational progress they consider significant and the importance of certain measures in helping to prevent conflicts and enhancing cooperation on security and defense. Directory: csh -> english -> documents csh -> Awk a pattern Scanning and Processing Language (Second Edition) Alfred V. Aho Brian W. Kernighan Peter J csh -> Language Specification Version 0 Notice csh -> Programming exercises documents -> Permanent council of the oea/Ser. G organization of american states cp/csh/SA. 62/99 cor csh -> 531 s green St. Nazareth, pa 18064 T: 570-483-8320 csh -> Lab: Asynchronous Programming csh -> King Suad University C#. Net syllabus csh -> Fall Education Session Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists New Brunswick Branch October 4, 2008 Miramichi Hospital csh -> Higher training in paediatric surgery consolidation sheet Download 0.53 Mb. Share with your friends:
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