Kursk state medical university

EXERCISES:

1. 
   Translate into Latin, making agreement between nouns and
   

Transverse (groove, line, ligament),

vertebral (canal, notch, foramen),

articular (process, surface, tubercle),

pterygoid (muscle, fossa),

palatal (process, bone, groove),

mastoid (process; part ),

frontal (angle, suture, tuber)

2. 
   Translate the terms into English making agreement between nouns and adjectives:
   

Scapula dextra, vena profunda, processus spinosus, processus articularis, foramen spinosum, foramen vertebrale, os nasale, os ethmoidale, facies articularis acromii.

A. oval foramen, middle temporal artery, transverse palatine suture, sacral horn, articular surface, iliac spine, iliac tubercle, medial sacral crest,

B. osseus nasal (of nose) septum, palatal tuber of the maxilla, articular tuber of the vertebra, middle fossa of the skull,

C. ligament of the vertebral column, groove of the occipital artery, aperture (apertura, ae f) of the frontal sinus, squama of the occipital bone, arch of the thoracic passage (duct).

1. clavicula, ae f - clavicle

2. squama, ae f - squama; scale

3. nucha, ae f - nape, back of the neck

4. ulna, ae f - ulna; the bone of the elbow

5. columna, ae f - column

6. fossa, ae f - fossa - trench, ditch, a depression

longitudinal in shape;

7. fovea, ae f - fovea - a cup-shaped depression or pit;

8. palatum, i n - palate – roof of the mouth;

9. vestibulum, i n - vestibule – enclosed space like a lobby;

10. pars, partis f - part

1. osseus, a, um - osseous, bony

2. palatinus, a, um - palatal, palatine

3. pterygoideus, a, um - pterygoid - wing-shaped;

4. thyreoideus, a, um - thyroid - in the shape of a shield;

5. spinosus, a, um - spinous; thorny

6. rectus, a, um - straight

7. sinister, tra, trum - left

8. dexter, tra, trum - right

9. thoracicus, a, um - thoracic

10. transversus, a, um - transverse

11. venosus, a, um - venous

12. zygomaticus, a, um - zygomatic

13. albus, a, um - white

14. niger, gra, grum - black

15. sacer, cra, crum - sacral (for “bone”)

16. liber, era, erum - free

17. iliacus, a, um - iliac

18. mastoideus, a, um - mastoid; breast shaped

19. obliquus,a,um - oblique, slanted

20. internus, a, um - internal

21. externus, a, um - external

1. alaris, e - relating to a wing, winged - alar

2. articularis, e - relating to a joint - articular

3. cervicalis, e - relating to the neck - cervical

4. cerebralis, e - relating to the larger brain - cerebral

5. ethmoidalis, e - resembling a sieve - ethmoid

6. frontalis, e - referring to the frontal bone - frontal

7. mandibularis, e - relating to the lower jaw - mandibular

8. maxillaris, e - relating to the upper jaw - maxillary

9. nasalis, e - relating to the nose - nasal

10. occipitalis, e - relating to the occiput - occipital

11. sphenoidalis, e - resembling a wedge - sphenoid

12. temporalis, e - relating to the temple - temporal

13. vertebralis, e - relating to a vertebra - vertebral

14. jugularis, e - relating to the throat or neck - jugular

15. sacralis, e - relating to the sacrum - sacral

16. spinalis, e - spinal - 1. relating to any spine or spinous

process; 2. relating to the vertebral column.

EXPRESSIONS:

1. Exitus letalis - lethal exit, death

2. Casus ordinarius - an ordinary case

3. Casus extraordinarius - an extraordinary case

4. Omne principium difficile - every beginning is difficult

1. relating to the sacrum 1. osseous

2. ethmoid 2. sphenoid

3. white 3. black

4. straight 4. transverse

5. temporal 5. nasal

6. frontal 6. occipital

7. articular 7. sacral (bone)

8. right 8. left

9. pterygoid 9. alar

10. thyroid 10. free

II. Write the dictionary form of every word. Translate the terms into Latin:

1. spinous foramen 1. temporal bone

2. transverse line 2. sacral horn

3. articular surface 3. vertebral column

4. sacral bone 4. squamous suture

5. squama of the occipital bone 5. arc of the thoracic duct

1. What grammar categories has an adjective?

2. What information can be obtained from the Dictionary form of an adjective?

3. What is the difference between the two groups of adjectives?

4. How many and what generic endings may adjectives have?

5. What is the word order in the terms having agreed attributes?

I. a) Distribute the Latin names of bones into three groups:

1) One-word names;

2. 
   Names with agreed attributes;
   
3. 
   Names with non-agreed attributes.
   

b) Recollect English equivalents of the terms given above.

Mastoideus, brevis, alveolare, ruber, propria, obliquum, parva, planus, intermuscularis, cerebrale, album.

Like in English, there are three Degrees of Comparison of adjectives in Latin: the Positive degree, the Comparative degree and the Superlative degree. Only qualitative adjectives may have Degrees of Comparison: e. g. small, profound, round, good, etc.

The Comparative degree of adjectives is formed by adding the suffix -ior for masculine and feminine and the siffix -ius for the neuter gender to the base of the Positive degree.

e.g.: longus, a, um - longior (m, f); longius (n)

ruber, bra, brum - rubrior (m, f); rubrius (n)

brevis, e - brevior (m, f); brevius (n)

e. g.: longior, ius - longer

brevior, ius - shorter

In the medical terminology the Comparative degree of the adjectives “large, small, superior, inferior, anterior and posterior” is often used. There are some pecularities in the formation and use of these adjectives.

1. The Comparative degree of adjectives “ large” - magnus,a, um; and “small” – parvus, a, um is formed in a different way, i. e. by changing their stems (like that of the adjectives “good” and “bad” in English). Memorize the forms of the Positive and Comparative degrees of these adjectives:

Positive - magnus, a, um (great); parvus a, um (small/little)

Comparative - major,ius (greater); minor, minus (lesser)

2. In the Anatomical terminology the Comparative degree of these adjectives denotes twin anatomical formations (ala major et ala minor; tuberculum majus et tuberculum minus) and when describing an odd anatomical formation, we use the Positive degree of these adjectives. (foramen occipitale magnum). Remember, that the majority of anatomical formations are twins, that is the reason for extensive use of the adjectives major, ius (greater) and minor, us (lesser) in Anatomy.

3. In Latin the adjectives with the meaning “superior, anterior, posterior, inferior” have no form of the Positive degree. They have the form of the Comparative degree and designate the localization of one anatomic formation in relation to another one.

Superior, ius - superior (higher)

inferior, ius - inferior (lower)

anterior, ius- - anterior (in front of)

posterior, ius - posterior (behind)

NB! The above mentioned adjectives may sometimes take the final position in a term (the so-called “anatomical” word order), but they have agreement with the first noun (in Nominative):

e. g.: tuberculum thyreoideum superius (Nom., neuter gender)

fossa cranii anterior (Nom., feminine gender)
The adjectives in the Comparatives degree are declined according to the 3^rd declension, that is, they take the ending –is in Genitive, which is added to the form of the Nominative case, ending in -ior:

e. g.: longior (m, f) – Gen. sing — longioris

longius (n) - Gen. sing — longioris
NB! 1. The form of the Genitive singular is the same for all three genders in the Comparative degree (see the examples);

2. a) the base of an adjective in the Comparative degree is defined from the form in the Genitive singular;

2. 
   it is the same for all the three genders.
   
3. 
   it coinsides with the form in the Nominative singular for
   

e. g: Nom. sing. major (m, f) majus (n)

Gen. sing. majoris (m, f, n)

Base: major-

EXERCISES:

Minor, major, anterior ,superior, inferior, posterior, simplicior, longior, brevior, albior, rubrior

Major, ius; minor, us; inferior, ius; superior; ius; posterior, ius; anterior, ius; brevior,ius; longior, ius; latior,ius; albior,ius; nigrior,ius.

Processus superior, incisura superior, foramen superius,arcus posterior, facies posterior, ligamentum posterius, sulcus major, ala major, caput majus, cornu majus et minus, incisura ischiadica major, tuberculum obturatorium posterius.

Superior (process, notch, foramen);

posterior (arch, surface, ligament);

greater (groove, wing, head, horn);

anterior (tubercule, groove, crest, ligament, foramen);

inferior (sinus, spine);