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Direct quotationsIf you use a direct quotation from an author, you should: enclose this in quotation marks give the author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from, in brackets. If however you are quoting from a website or webpage that does not have page numbers, you do not need to include anything to indicate this in the citation. Example: "Language is subject to change, and is not caused by unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance" (Aitchison, 1981, p.67). If the quotation is more than two lines: It is separated from the rest of the paragraph by one free line above and below It is indented at left and right margins It may be in a smaller point size It is preceded by a colon It does not use quotation marks The citation includes author, date and page number(s) that the quotation was taken from. Example: One answer to this is that language has always been subject to change, just as everything else in the world is, and we should not feel that this is a bad thing. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) puts it: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance. Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable... Editing a quoteYou may want to make minor changes to a direct quotation. This is possible (as long as you don't change the meaning), but you must follow the rules. If you omit parts of the quotation, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots (...). Do not begin or end a direct quotation with ellipsis points. The reader already assumes that the quote has been excerpted from a larger work If you want to insert your own words, or different words, into a quotation, put them in square brackets [ ] If you want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for example a spelling mistake or wrong date, do not correct it; write [sic] in square brackets If you want to emphasise something in a quotation that is particularly relevant to your essay, put the emphasised words in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own If the original has italics, state that the italics are in the original. Example 1: Language changes are natural and inevitable. It has been argued that language: gradually transforms itself over the centuries. In a world where [everything changes], it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change (Aitchison, 1981, p.16, my italics). Example 2: According to Smith (1992, p.45), "Aitcheson [sic] appears to believe that everything changes; but this is questionable" (italics in original). 1.1.3. Paraphrasing When you paraphrase, you use your own words. This is usually preferable to direct quotes, as the reference fits more neatly into your own style of writing. It also shows that you really do understand what the author is saying. However, you must take care that you don't change the meaning. Even when you use your own words, you must still acknowledge where you got the idea from. Here is an example of how the original quotation might be paraphrased: Original quotation: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance (Aitchison, 1981, p.16). The essay incorporating the paraphrasing: ... Many people believe that the Americanisation of the media, and what is called dumbing down, is having disastrous results on English. One answer to this is that language change is natural, so there is no reason for people to condemn it (Aitchison, 1981, p.16). Aitchison clearly sees every change in language as neither good nor bad, but inevitable... 1.1.4. Summarising A summary gives an outline of the main points of a passage, chapter or book. Here is an example of how the original quotation could be summarised: Original quotation: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance (Aitchison, 1981, p.16). The essay incorporating the summary: ... Many people believe that the Americanisation of the media, and what is called dumbing down, is having disastrous results on English. However, one important study (Aitchison, 1981) looks closely at the psycholinguistic and sociolinguistic processes of language change over many centuries, and argues that changes in all aspects of language are natural and inevitable... 1.1.5. Making changes to direct quotations You may want to make minor changes to a direct quotation. This is possible (as long as you don't change the meaning), but you must follow the rules: if you omit parts of the quotation, whether from the beginning, middle or end, use an ellipsis. An ellipsis consists of three dots (...); if you want to insert your own words, or different words, into a quotation, put them in square brackets ([ ]); if you want to draw attention to an error in a quotation, for example a spelling mistake or wrong date, don't correct it; write [sic] in square brackets; if you want to emphasise something in a quotation which is particularly relevant to your essay, put the emphasised words in italics, and state that the emphasis is your own; if the original has italics, state that the italics are in the original. This example shows different kinds of changes to the original quotation: Original quotation: Language, then, like everything else, gradually transforms itself over the centuries. There is nothing surprising in this. In a world where humans grow old, tadpoles change into frogs, and milk turns into cheese, it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change, regarding alterations as due to unnecessary sloppiness, laziness or ignorance (Aitchison, 1981, p.16). The essay, incorporating changes to the direct quotations: Language changes are natural and inevitable. As Aitchison (1981, p.16) points out, language: '… gradually transforms itself over the centuries. In a world where [everything changes], it would be strange if language alone remained unaltered. In spite of this, large numbers of intelligent people condemn and resent language change.' (Aitchison 1981:16, my italics). Smith (1992), commenting on this, says: 'Aitcheson [sic] appears to believe that everything changes; but this is questionable' (Smith 1992:45, italics in original). 1.1.6. Referencing one author in the work of a different author You should always try to track down the original work but if this is not possible and you must quote the ideas of one author which you have found in the work of another, your in-text citation must mention two names: the author of the idea you are using, and the source you have found it in. For example: (Wilson, 1989, cited in Smith, 1995, p.4). However, your reference list should only give details of the source that you found it in (in this case, Smith, 1995). https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-citations-harvard#activate-the_work_of_one_author_referred_to_by_another_author 1.1.7. Incorporating citations into your sentences There are several ways of incorporating citation sources into your paragraphs. Look at the following passage: One inconclusive study (Shrensky, 1998) suggests that smaller dogs (those weighing 9 kgs or under) can be more easily taught to sing than larger dogs. Indeed, Shrensky claims that she has taught a choir of miniature poodles to sing the Hallelujah Chorus. However, these claims have been disputed as no-one has been able to replicate the experiment (Wilson & Collins, 1999). According to Wilson & Collins, 'the whole idea is a load of rubbish' (Wilson & Collins, 1999, p.55). Nevertheless, as Shrensky (1995) has noted in an earlier paper, these kinds of studies are almost impossible to replicate without a highly-trained, experienced specialist teacher to perform the task... There are several standard phrases you can use when you want to introduce a reference (whether a quotation, a paraphrase or a summary) into your essay or report. Learn how to use them, and watch the punctuation! If you want to show you agree with the reference, or that it has validity: as Shrensky (1995) has noted in an earlier paper, poodles can be taught to sing; Shrensky (1995) demonstrates that poodles can be taught to sing; miniature poodles can be taught to sing (Shrensky, 1995). If you want to show you disagree with the reference: Shrensky (1995) alleges/claims that poodles can sing. If you want to remain neutral: according to Wilson & Collins (1999), Shrensky's study is nonsense; Wilson & Collins (1999) say that Shrensky's study is nonsense. Look in your textbooks and other reading material for other ways of introducing references. Guidance for methods of referencing all forms of material is available on the Library website: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard 1.2. Reference List A full reference list of all the sources which have been used in the text of the assignment should be included. The reference list should be produced in alphabetical order and all the details of the source should be given, i.e., the author/s name/s, the date, the title, the publisher, and where it was published if a book, and the number, volume and page number if an article. For example: Webster, B. 2006. New speed camera puts more drivers in the frame. The Times. 24 May, p.1. See section 1.3 of this document for more information. The reference list should appear at the end of the assignment. In historical studies, this must distinguish between printed and manuscript, and primary and secondary sources. All references in the text should be included in the reference list. If ideas have come from references, they should be sourced in the text and therefore should appear in the reference list. Where you have referenced an author in the work of a different author within the body of your text, e.g. (Wilson, 1989, cited in Smith, 1995), your reference list should only contain the reference to the source you personally consulted. In this example you would include Smith (1995) but not Wilson (1989). 1.2.1. Reference List vs. Bibliography A reference list is normally considered to be a list of the citations that have appeared in the body of your work. How it is arranged will depend on the referencing style you are using. Bibliographies list all the sources you consulted in your research and, because they include sources you may not have cited in your work, are usually arranged alphabetically by author surname. Many people use these terms interchangeably, so if you are unsure about which one to include check with your module leader. 1.3. A to Z of How to Reference Different Sources A Act of Parliament Title of the Act and year. (chapter number of the act; abbreviated to 'c.'). Place of publication: Publisher. Access to Justice Act 1999. (c.22). London: The Stationery Office. For Acts published before 1963 you must also include some additional information: Title of the Act and year. (Year of reign of the monarch at the time the Act was introduced, the monarch's name which can be abbreviated, chapter number of the Act) Place of publication: Publisher. Homicide Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz.2, c.11). London: HMSO. App See mobile app. Article See Journal article. B Blog Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of blog. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Beard, M. 2013. To curtsey or not to curtsey? 8 June. A Don's Life. [Online]. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://timesonline.typepad.com/ Brotherton Library. 2009. Leeds Read. 17 February. Brotherton blog. [Online]. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://brothertonblog.blogspot.com/ Book One author Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Adams, A.D. 1906. Electric transmission of water power. New York: McGraw.
Family name, INITIAL(S). and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Ahmed, T. and Meehan, N. 2012. Advanced reservoir management and engineering. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Gulf Professional Publishing.
You should include all author names in the reference. Where a source has a very long list of authors, e.g. in the case of some scientific articles, you might wish to consult your tutor on whether to use "et al" in place of some author names. Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Manuh, T., Gariba, S. and Budu, J. 2007. Change & transformation in Ghana's publicly funded universities: a study of experiences, lessons & opportunities. Oxford: James Currey. Editor(s) If you are referencing a book with an editor rather than an author, this should be indicated in the reference. Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor). ed. Year. Title. Edition (only if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Crandell, K.A. ed. 1999. The evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Wexler, P. et al. eds. 2012. Chemicals, environment, health: a global management perspective. Boca Raton, FL: CRC. For an edited book with chapters written by different authors, see Book chapter (in an edited book). Book chapter (in an edited book) If you are referencing a book with chapters written by different authors, you need to give details of the chapter, and the book in which you read it. Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Chapter title. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor). ed(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher, Page numbers. Coffin, J.M. 1999. Molecular biology of HIV. In: Crandell, K.A. ed. The evolution of HIV. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp.3-40. Book (online) See e-book. C Census statistics For print statistics, reference this using the same format as Book. For electronic statistics, reference this using the same format as Website.
See book chapter (in an edited book). CD-ROM Title. Year. [CD-ROM]. Place of publication: Publisher. Who's who 1897-1998. 1998. [CD-ROM]. London: Oxford University Press. Command paper Government department/committee/organisation. Year. Title. (Command no.). Place of publication: Publisher. Home Office. 2003. Identity cards: the next steps. (Cm.6020). London: The Stationery Office. Check which abbreviation is required for Command, as this varies for different historical periods. Conference paper or Conference proceedings If the conference paper is published in a journal, you should reference it as a journal article or online journal article (depending on where you read it). If the proceedings have been published as a book, you should reference them as follows: Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of paper. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor if known). ed. Title of conference proceedings, date of conference, location of conference. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s). Robertson, J. 1986. The economics of local recovery. In: The other economic summit, 17/18 April 1986, Tokyo. London: The Other Economic Summit, pp.5-10.
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of paper. In: Family name, INITIAL(S) (of editor if known). ed. Title of conference proceedings, date of conference, location of conference. [Online]. Place of publication: Publisher, page number(s). [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Bonacin, R., Nabuca, O.F., and Pierozzi, I. 2014. Modeling the impacts of agriculture on water resources: semantic interoperability issues. In: Reddy, S.M. ed. 23rd IEEE International WETICE Conference, 23-25 June 2014, Parma. [Online]. Los Alamitos: CPS, pp.447-452. [Accessed 17 May 2016]. Available from: http://0-ieeexplore.ieee.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the presenter). Year. Title of the presentation. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference. Newton, A.J. and Pullinger, D.J. 2012. Acting on PhD student feedback to create new learning resources. Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference, 11 April, Glasgow.
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the presenter). Year. Title of the presentation [PowerPoint presentation]. Title of conference, date of conference, location of conference. Newton, A.J. and Pullinger, D.J. 2012. Acting on PhD student feedback to create new learning resources [PowerPoint presentation]. Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference, 11 April, Glasgow.
US House. Committee. Year. Title. Hearing, date. Place of Publication: Publisher. US House. Committee on Economic and Educational Opportunities. 1995. Child care and child welfare. Hearing, 3 February. Washington: Government Printing Office.
See Personal communication. D Dance Live performance Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the choreographer). Year of première. Title. [Date seen and where]. Ashton, F. 1940. Dante sonata, The Royal Ballet. [Performance viewed 10 July 2004, Lincoln Centre, New York].
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the director/producer). dir./prod. (depending on whether director or producer) Year published or first transmission. Title of video or programme. [Type of medium, e.g. video], Production company or Publisher [further details to identify dance works]. Lockyer, B. dir. 1979. Sadler's Wells Royal Ballet. [Video for television transmission], BBC TV in association with R.M. Productions Munich [Les Patineurs, Ashton; Pineapple Poll, Cranko].
See reference work: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-reference_work Dissertation See Thesis or dissertation: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-thesis_or_dissertation E E-book (online or via e-book reader) E-book online Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. [Online]. Edition (if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Hollensen, S. 2004. Global marketing: a decision oriented approach. [Online]. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com/Browse/open.asp?ID=60094
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