Leeds University Business School
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e-book reader format, eg KindleFamily name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Edition (if not first edition). [Name of e-book reader]. Place of publication: Publisher. Wu, T. 2010. The master switch: the rise and fall of information empires. [Kindle DX e-book]. London: Atlantic Books. E-journal See Journal article (online): https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-journal_article_online See Personal communication: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-personal_communication Encyclopaedia See Major reference work: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-reference_work EU COM document Title, COM (Year) serial number, draft or final. Proposal for a Council regulation on denominations and technical specifications of euro coins intended for circulation, COM (2010) 0691, final. EU legislation Regulations Institutional origin (e.g. European Commission or Council of the European Union) Regulation (Treaty abbreviation) number/year followed by the date it was passed and the title. Council Regulation (EC) No. 2725/2000 of 11 December 2000 concerning the establishment of 'Eurodac' for the comparison of fingerprints for the effective application of the Dublin Convention. Directives and Decisions Institutional origin (e.g. European Commission or Council of the European Union) Form Year/legislation number/Treaty followed by the date it was passed and the title. Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption. This is all in italics and the title is not capitalised. Exhibition catalogue Family name, INITIAL(s) (of author or editor). Year. Title of exhibition, venue, date. [Exhibition catalogue]. Place of publication: Publisher. Krystof, D. and Morgan, J. 2006. Martin Kippenberger exhibition catalogue, Tate Modern, 8 February-14 May. [Exhibition catalogue]. London: Tate Publishing.
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of page. [Facebook]. Date post written. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Smith, A. 2012. Referencing Group. [Facebook]. 4 November. [Accessed 10 June 2013. Available from: http://www.facebook.com
Reference the exact text used, in the same style as you would reference English language material. Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Foucault, M. 1971. L'archéologie du savoir. Paris: NRF/Gallimard. When referencing foreign language material where the information is written using another alphabet, such as Japanese, you should transliterate (not translate) the details into the English alphabet.
Washida, K. 2007. Kyōto no heinetsu: tetsugakusha no toshi annai. Tōkyō: Kōdansha. G Google Earth images Google Earth version (if applicable). Year data released. Image details - location, co-ordinates, elevation. Data set (if applicable). [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Google Earth 5.0. 2009. Leeds University, 53°48'28.60"N, 1°33'11.95"W, elev 63km. Clouds data layer. [Accessed 9 February 2009]. Available from: http://code.google.com/apis/earth/ All uses of Google Earth require copyright attribution. Government departmental circular (UK) For paper copies, reference these using the same format as a book. For online copies, reference these using the same format as an e-book. Use the Government department/committee/organisation as the author. Example: Lord Chancellor's Department and Department of Health. 1993. Child witness pack. London: Home Office. H Hansard Hansard Name of House abbreviated (ie HC or HL) Deb. vol. number col. number(s), date. Hansard HC Deb. vol.492 cols.25-6, 5 May 2009. House of Commons / Lords Papers Government department/committee/organisation. Year. Title. (House name abbreviated (ie HC or HL) series number, parliamentary session). Place of publication: Publisher. National Audit Office. 2005. Returning failed asylum applicants. (HC 76, 2005-06). London: The Stationery Office.
See Works of art: https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing-harvard#activate-work_of_art Image If you refer to an image that you have found in a printed source, e.g. a book, you must provide a reference for that source. Check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present images in your work, e.g. including a list of images in an appendix. It is not necessary to provide a reference in your reference list for an image that you have created yourself. Image online Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the originator). Year. Title of image. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Bowry, J. 2013. Telephone boxes in the snow. [Online]. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://www.flickr.com/ Newry Institute. 2002. Current student. [Online]. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://www.nkifhe.ac.uk/ Picasso, P. 1925. The Dance. [Online]. [Accessed 4 March 2014]. Available from: http://www.oxfordartonline.com
Roux, E. 1915. Photograph taken at Gallipoli by Ernest Roux. [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library. Liddle Collection, FR 31. Original image or photograph (missing details)If there is no originator, start your reference with the image title. If there is no title, start with a description. Title. Year. [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable). Photograph of two members of the Shaikevich family. c1920. [Photograph]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library, Leeds Russian Archive Collection. MS 1210. Informal or in-house publications For informal publications, such as leaflets, provide what details you can: Family name, INITIAL(S) (or company name). Year. Title. [Leaflet]. Place of publication: Publisher. Leeds University Library. 2012. Workshop timetable semester 1 2012-13. [Leaflet]. Leeds: University of Leeds. Interview Family name, INITIAL(S) (of interviewee). Year. Interview with (name of interviewer). Date, location. Thompson, D. 2008. Interview with J. Smith. 4 August, Leeds.
If you have carried out several interviews that you are using as primary research data for analysis in a research project, then it is not necessary to provide references for each of them in your reference list. You should check with your tutor about the most appropriate way to present the interviews in your work, for example including transcripts in appendices. You may also need to seek permission from the interviewee(s). If you have interviewed someone and want to include a quote from this as evidence to support an argument you are making in an essay (i.e. not as data for analysis in a research project), then you should reference this as shown in the example above. J Journal article One author Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. Volume(issue number), page numbers. Pajunen, K. 2008. Institutions and inflows of foreign direct investment: a fuzzy-set analysis. Journal of International Business Studies. 39(4), pp.652-669.
Gencturk, B. and Hosseini, F. 2015. Evaluation of reinforced concrete and reinforced engineered cementitious composite (EGC) members and structures using small-scale testing. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering. 42(3), pp.164-177. More than two authorsFamily name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. Volume(issue number), page numbers. MacNaughton, S.J., Stephen, J.R., Venosa, A.D. and Chang, Y.J. 1999. Microbial population changes during bioremediation of an experimental oil spill. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65(8), pp.3566-3574. Journal article (forthcoming) Include the full title of the journal in your reference. Abbreviated titles are not used in the Leeds Harvard style. Occasionally an article may be made available online before being formally published in an issue of the journal. If you know the year that article will be published: Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. [Forthcoming]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Royall, C.P., Thiel, B.L., and Donald, A.M. 2013. [Forthcoming]. Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy. [Online]. [Accessed 4 November 2012]. Available from: http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/ If you don't know the year that article will be published: Family name, INITIAL(S). [Forthcoming]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Royall, C.P., Thiel, B.L., and Donald, A.M. [Forthcoming]. Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy. [Online]. [Accessed 4 November 2012]. Available from : http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/ Journal article (online) One authorFamily name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL El Gharras, H. 2009. Polyphenols: food sources, properties and applications - a review. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. [Online]. 44(12), pp.2512-2518. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com Two authorsFamily name, INITIAL(S). and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Selmke, M. and Cichos, F. 2013. Photonic Rutherford scattering: a classical and quantum mechanical analogy in ray and wave optics. American Journal of Physics. [Online]. 81(6), pp.405-413. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://0-scitation.aip.org.wam.leeds.ac.uk/ More than two authorsFamily name, INITIAL(S), Family name, INITIAL(S) and Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume(issue number), page numbers. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Royall, C.P., Thiel, B.L., and Donald, A.M. 2001. Radiation damage of water in environmental scanning electron microscopy. Journal of Microscopy.[Online]. 204(3), pp.185-195. [Accessed 10 June 2013]. Available from: http://0-www3.interscience.wiley.com.wam.leeds.ac.uk/ Articles that use article numbersFamily name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. Volume, article no: article number [no pagination]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Chou, C.L., Teherani, A., Masters, D.E., Vener, M., Wamsley, M. and Poncelet, A. 2014. Workplace learning through peer groups in medical school clerkships. Medical Education Online. [Online]. 19, article no: 25809 [no pagination]. [Accessed 8 January 2015]. Available from: http://med-ed-online.net/index.php/meo/article/view/25809 Pre-print and post-print articlesA pre-print is an journal article that has not yet undergone peer review. A post-print is an article that has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. You will often find these articles in online repositories or archives. Pre-print article Family name, INITIAL(S). Year written. [Pre-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Grachev, A.A., Leo, L.S., Di Sabatino, S., Fernando, H.J.S., Pardyjak, E.R. and Fairall, C.W. 2014. [Pre-print]. Structure of turbulence in katabatic flows below and above the wind-speed maximum. Boundary-Layer Meteorology. [Online]. [Accessed 13 January 2015]. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/1501.02297v1 Post-print article Family name, INITIAL(S). Year written. [Post-print]. Title of article. Journal Title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Almukhtar, A., Khambay, B.S., Ayoub, A., Ju, X., Al-Hiyali, A., Macdonald, J., Jabar, N. and Goto, T. 2015. [Post-print]. "Direct DICOM slice landmarking" A novel research technique to quantify skeletal changes in orthognathic surgery. PLoS One. [Online]. [Accessed 2 December 2015]. Available from: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/87690/ L Law report The examples below follow the accepted conventions for referencing law reports. If the year is crucial to identify the report, enclose it in square brackets:
If the law report has a volume number, and so the year is not crucial to find the case, enclose it in round brackets: Parties in the case (Year) Volume number Abbreviation of law report Page. R. v. Williams (1992) 2 WLR 32. Leaflet See Informal or in-house publication. Letter See Personal communication. M Magazine article See Journal article. Major reference work The editor and publisher of a well-known reference work can be omitted, but cite the page numbers consulted: Title. Edition (if not first edition). Year. s.v. Section heading, page number of your quotation. New Encyclopaedia Britannica. 15th ed. 2005. s.v. Microradiography, p.1374. s.v. stands for "sub verbo". This means "look under" and directs the reader to find it under another heading, in this case the section. Manuscript Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. [Material type]. At: Place: holding institution, department (if applicable). Identifier (if applicable). Colvil, S. c.1680. The mock poem, I-II. [Manuscript]. At: Leeds: Leeds University Library, Brotherton Collection. MS Lt 1. c. is an abbreviation of "circa", meaning "approximately". You may find that this is used in dates for old manuscripts. Map Family name, INITIAL(S) (of originator). Year. Title, scale. Place of publication: Publisher. Mason, J. 1832. Map of the countries lying between Spain and India, 1:8,000,000. London: Ordnance Survey.
Originator(s). Year. Image details - location (format if available), scale if available. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Google Maps. 2009. Leeds University (satellite). [Online]. [Accessed 16 November]. Available from: http://tinyurl.com/ylx3zwy Ordnance Survey. 2009. Leeds University, 1:125,000 [online]. [Accessed 16 November]. Available from: http://edina.ac.uk/digimap Microform Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title. [Medium]. Available: Title of microform collection: reel number/fiche number. Adson, J. 1621. Courtly masquing ayres, composed to 5. and 6. parts, for violins, consorts, and cornets. [Microfilm]. Available: Early English books, 1475-1640: 906:1.
Relevant details for the application should be available from the app store where it was purchased, e.g. iTunes App Store. Developer. Year. Title of app (version number). [Mobile app]. [Date accessed]. Blackboard Inc. 2013. Blackboard mobile learn (version 3.1.4). [Mobile app]. [Accessed 15 May 2013]. Module lectures and materials Not all lecturers are happy for you to cite directly from lectures, so it is good practice to check this with your tutor. If the lecturer is drawing from a published source, you should find that source for use in your own work (you can always ask for reading suggestions if you like an idea). Lecture Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Lecture title. MODULE CODE Title of module. Date, teaching organisation. Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. COMM5610 Politics and the Media. 17 April, University of Leeds.
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Lecture title. Lecture notes distributed in MODULE CODE Title of module. Date, teaching organisation. Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. Lecture notes distributed in COMM5610 Politics and the Media. 17 April, University of Leeds.
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the lecturer). Year. Title. [Format accessed through Minerva, e.g. PowerPoint slides]. MODULE CODE Title of module. Teaching organisation. Voltmer, K. 2006. Politicians and the press: models of interaction. [PowerPoint slides accessed through Minerva]. COMM5610 Politics and the Media. University of Leeds.
See Book. Music Recorded music Individual piece of recorded music: Family name, INITIAL(s) (of originator/composer). Year. Title. Name of recording artist. Title of album. [Medium]. Place of recording: Label. Gallagher, N. 1994. Live forever. Oasis. Definitely maybe. [CD]. Manchester: Creation Records.
Name of recording artist. Year. Title of album. [Medium]. Place of recording: Label. Oasis. 1994. Definitely maybe. [CD]. Manchester: Creation Records.
Family name, INITIAL(s) (of originator/composer). Year of publication. Title. [Medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Handel, G.F. 1890. Serse. Ombra mai fù ; arr. [Musical Score] London: Augener Ltd.
Family name, INITIAL(s) (of originator/composer). Year written. Title. [Live performance]. Name of performing artist. Date seen, location. Springsteen, B. 1975. Born to run. [Live performance]. Bruce Springsteen. 15 June 2013, Wembley Stadium, London. Chopin, F. 1830. Piano Concerto No 2. [Live performance]. Royal Philharmonic Orchestra. 26 January 2013, Leeds Town Hall, Leeds. N Newspaper Newspaper article Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Newspaper title. Date, page number(s). Webster, B. 2006. New speed camera puts more drivers in the frame. The Times. 24 May, p.1.
Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of article. Newspaper title. [Online]. Date. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Adewunmi, B. 2014. Caring for the carers: helping children who care for parents with mental illness. The Guardian. [Online]. 12 December. [Accessed 2 October 2015]. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/dec/12/-sp-guardian-observer-christmas-appeal-kidstime
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of cartoonist). Year. Title of cartoon. Newspaper title. Date, page number. Bell, S. 2006. The alleged al-Qaida threat to Los Angeles. The Guardian. 10 February, p.29. Use p. to reference a single page, and pp. for a range of pages. NICE guidance When referencing NICE guidance, it is good practice to cite and quote from the full version of the guidance. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Year. Title of guidance. [No. of guidance]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2008. Type 2 diabetes: the management of type 2 diabetes (update). [CG66]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. O Online discussion list or discussion forum Family name, INITIAL(S). Year. Title of message. Date added. Discussion group title. [Online]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Stubbings, R. 2005. Diagnostic tests. 3 August. Lis-infoliteracy. [Online]. [Accessed 18 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.jiscmail.ac.uk
See Works of art. Parliamentary bills Title and year. (House name abbreviated to HC or HL Bill number, parliamentary session). Place of publication: Publisher. Anti-social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Bill 2013-14. (HC Bill 7, 2013-14). London: The Stationery Office. Parliamentary papers (UK) See under type of parliamentary paper: Act of Parliament Command paper House of Commons/Lords paper Parliamentary bills Patent Family name, INITIAL(S) (of inventor). Year. Title of patent document. Patent number. Cashwell, E. 1981. Optical perforating apparatus and system. EP0021165 A1. 1981-01-07.
See Journal article. Personal communication Family name, INITIAL(S) (of sender/speaker/author). Year. Medium and receiver of communication, date of communication. Smith, A. 2007. Conversation with Robert Jones, 24 January.
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of originator). Year. Title of episode. Title of podcast. [Podcast]. [Date Accessed]. Available from: (URL/App) BBC Radio 4. 2013. 2013-07-11 Ambridge Extra Thursday. The Archers. [Podcast]. [Accessed 12 July 2013]. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/archers Watson, A. 2007. Alan Watson (University of Leeds) - The Search for Origin of the Highest Energy Particles in Nature. Physics general interest seminar podcasts. [Podcast]. [Accessed 15 May 2013]. Available from: iTunesU. Poem You should refer to the name of the poem and the poet in the main body of your work, and include a citation to the anthology in which it appears: Geoffrey Hill's The Guardians (Ferguson et al., 2005, p.1832) was well received by critics in 1959. In the bibliography, you should refer only to the anthology in which the poem was published: Family name, INITIAL(S). ed(s). Year. Title. Edition (only if not first edition). Place of publication: Publisher. Ferguson, M. et al. 2005. The Norton anthology of poetry. 5th ed. London: W.W. Norton. Poster Conference poster Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the author). Year. Title. [Poster]. Event name (if applicable), date, location (for where the poster was exhibited). Brooks, I. 2013. Paper chains and octopuses: an activities based information skills session. [Poster]. Librarians' Information Literacy Annual Conference, The University of Manchester Library, 25-27 March.
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the author). Year. Title. [Online poster]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Smith, R. 2013. Did you know? Marketing information literacy training. [Online poster]. [Accessed 5 May 2013]. Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/ If no author is identifiable, start the reference with the title of the poster, followed by the year. Press release Organisation. Year. Title. [Press release]. [Date Accessed]. Available from: URL NSPCC. 2009. NSPCC calls for better support for child witnesses. [Press release]. [Accessed 18 May 2009]. Available from: http://www.nspcc.org.uk
See Speech. R Radio programme Individual programme Title. Year. Transmitting organisation/channel. Date and time of transmission. The Archers. 2011. BBC Radio 4. 1 September, 19:00. Series Series title, number and title of episode (if applicable). Year. Transmitting organisation/channel. Date and time of transmission. Book of the week, episode 3, Permanent present tense. 2013. BBC Radio 4. 17 July, 09:45. The World Tonight. 2013. BBC Radio 4. 15 July, 22:00. See also Speech: broadcast of a speech Religious text Title: including version. The Bible: authorised King James version. The Qurʼan: a modern English version. Report For paper copies of reports, reference these using the same format as book. For online copies of reports, reference these using the same format as e-book.
See Works of art. Senate report (US) US Senate. Committee. Year. Title. (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher. US Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 1995. Franklin D. Roosevelt's family lands: report together with minority views (to accompany s. 134). (S. Rpt. 104-32). Washington: Government Printing Office.
See Journal article. Sound recording Sound recording (physical copy e.g. on CD) Family name, INITIAL(s) (of recordist) or Company name. Year. Title of individual recording. Title of album. [Sound recording]. Place of recording: Label. BBC. 1994. Country pub at lunchtime. Essential sound effects of England. [Sound recording]. London: BBC Enterprises.
Family name, INITIAL(s) (of recordist) or Company name. Year. Title. [Sound recording]. [Date accessed]. Available from: URL Watts, D. 1984. Oriolus larvatus: African Black-headed Oriole - Oriolidae. [Sound recording]. [Accessed 15 July 2013]. Available from: http://sounds.bl.uk/
Family name, INITIAL(S) (of the speaker). Year of speech. Title of speech. Date of speech, location of speech. Obama, B. 2008. A more perfect union. 18 March, National Constitution Centre, Philadelphia.
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