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- Public Transit Reform Solves Racism
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***Racism Adv***Public Transit System Racist Now(A) Funding Distribution- Transportation funding is a proxy for white supremacy and entrenches minority immobility Paterson ‘6 (Eve, President of the Equal Justice Society, “”End Race Discrimination in Public Transit Today”, Urban Habitat) Winter 05/06. http://www.urbanhabitat.org/files/4.Eva.Paterson.pdf The lack of transportation for the poorest victims of Hurricane Katrina is a stark reminder of this nation’s racist inequity. Over one-third of New Orleans’ African Americans do not own a car. In cities across the nation, African Americans and Latinos comprise over 54 percent of transit users. Nationally, African Americans are almost six times as likely as whites to use public transit. Not surprisingly, public transportation receives a fraction of the government funding spent on highways and roads. And this difference in funding is systematic, class-based, and race-based. Fifty years after the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Alabama Department of Transportation, with a transportation budget of $1.3 billion, provides no public transit funding. Bus service in Montgomery has been cut by 70 per cent; fares have doubled and student and senior discounts have been eliminated. In Alabama and 23 other states, it has actually been made illegal to use state gas taxes for transit. Cities across the country have slashed the transit systems that serve minority neighborhoods. (B) Vehicle Quality/Environmental Racism- Minority public transit is of overwhelmingly poorer quality and environmental impacts of transit are passed off onto minorities Bullard ‘4 (Robert Doyle, Highway Robbery: Transportation Racism & new Routes to Equity, P. 8, Google Books) 2004 http://books.google.com/books?id=NB_lJoyiF2cC&pg=PA15&dq=%22public+transportation%22+%2B+racism&lr= While most of the overt cases of transportation racism may have faded into history, the last vestiges of racial discrimination in transportation planning have not been totally eradicated. When I travel back to Montgomery and Birmingham, across the South, and to other regions of the country, it is clear that remnants of transportation racism linger. People of color still do not have equal access to transportation benefits, but receive more than their fair share of transportation externalities with “dirty” diesel buses, bus barns, refueling stations, railroad tracks, and highways disrupting and dividing their communities. Public Transit Reform Solves RacismPublic transit system is organized around racial exclusion in the squo- reform and development are keyBullard ‘4, [Robert, Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center, Sept 23, 2004, http://www.blackcommentator.com/106/106_transportation_racism.html, online 2009] Inadequate public transit services in many of the nation’s metropolitan regions, which have high proportions of "captive" transit dependents, has exacerbated social, economic, and racial isolation and aided in institutionalizing transportation apartheid. Today, no other group is more physically isolated from jobs than African Americans. Suburbs are increasing their share of office space, while central cities see their share declining. In 2000, the "spatial mismatch" between jobs and residence meant that more than 50 percent of the nation’s blacks would have to relocate to achieve an even distribution of blacks relative to jobs; the comparable figures for whites are 20 to 24 percentage points lower. The suburban share of the metropolitan office space is 69.5 percent in Detroit, 65.8 percent in Atlanta, 57.7 percent in Washington, DC, 57.4 percent in Miami, and 55.2 percent in Philadelphia. Getting to these suburban jobs without a car is next to impossible. It is no accident that Detroit leads in suburban "office sprawl." Detroit is also the most segregated big city in the United States and the only major metropolitan area without a regional transit system. Only about 2.4 percent of metropolitan Detroiters use transit to get to work. AT: Biopower Link/Racism DAThe link goes only one way- racism, poverty, and immobility structure the status quo- only a reorganization of the transportation system can act as a transition to the reorganization of American national identityBullard ‘9, Robert Ware Distinguished Professor of Sociology and Director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center, Race, Place, and Environmental Justice After Hurricane Katrina, online 2009 Generally, public transit in the United States is considered to be transportation of last resort of a novelty for tourists – resulting in dramatic differences in convenience, comfort, and safety between motorists and non-motorists, and therefore between wealthy and poor, white and black, and able and disabled. Nevertheless, without a car, millions of jobs are unreachable – thereby locking many families into a permanent poverty, unemployment and underemployment. In 2006, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) released the National Plan Review, a comprehensive, nationwide assessment of the adequacy of emergency plans for each state and the 75 largest urban areas (DHS 2006). DHS found these plans particularly insufficient with regard to evacuation planning for the carless and special-needs populations – individuals who cannot simply jump into their cars and drive away. Evacuation of low-mobility and special-needs groups, while included in most state emergency operation plans, has been largely un-addressed by state DOTs. The DHS notes that large swaths of the population have special needs that must be addressed in evacuation plans, including the carless (8% of US Households), those with a physical or mental disability (13 percent of residents) or language barrier (8 percent) the elderly (40 percent have a disability), and those living in group quarters such as nursing homes and assisted-living facilities (2 percent of residents). In urban areas, African Americans and Latinos comprise over 54 percent of transit users (62 percent of Bus Riders, 35 percent subway, and 29 percent commuter rail riders). Nationally, only about 5.3 percent of all Americans use public transit to get to work. African Americans are almost six time as likely as whites to use transit to get around. Urban transit is especially important to African Americans where over 88 percent live in metropolitan areas and 53.1 percent live inside central cities. Nearly 60 percent of transit riders are served by the ten largest urban transit systems and the remaining 40 percent by the other 5,000 transit systems (Sanchez, Stolz, and Ma 2003). Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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