VI. Twentieth-Century Marine Science Guided Reading Questions

VI. Twentieth-Century Marine Science Guided Reading Questions

A. The Oceanography Explosion

1. What change led to the growth and expansion of modern oceanography in the 20th century?

B. Three Expeditions

2. For what accomplishments do we recognize the German Meteor expedition?

3. What was the significance of the Atlantis?

4. What noted discovery did the second H.M.S. Challenger make?

C. Submersibles and Self-Contained Diving

5. How have submersibles and self-contained diving changed the study of the ocean?

6. What are the three types of submersible that have been used for underwater research?

7. What are the advantages and disadvantages of submersibles and scuba?

D. ROVs, AUVs, Drifters, Satellites and Electronic Navigation

8. What is the difference between an ROV and an AUV?

9. How do drifters send their information to marine scientists and what type of information do they collect?

10. What are the three types of sea surface observations that satellites can make to benefit oceanographers?

11. How have Loran-C and GPS benefited seafaring and oceanography?

Vocabulary

• 
  aqualung
  
• 
  ballast
  
• 
  bathyscaphe
  
• 
  bathysphere
  
• 
  decompression
  
• 
  decompression sickness
  
• 
  decompression stops
  
• 
  echo-sounding
  

• 
  global positioning system (GPS)
  
• 
  hard-hat diving
  
• 
  hardsuit
  
• 
  helix
  
• 
  Loran-C
  
• 
  manipulator arm
  
• 
  open circuit scuba
  
• 
  support vessel
  

Enrichment Experiences

Elaborate (Integration of Other Sciences)

1. Ancient Uses and Explorations (5000 B.C.-800 A.D.) (science as inquiry, Earth and space science, science and technology, science in personal and social perspectives, history and nature of science).

• 
  Reference Figure 2-5 – Underwater archaeology.
  
• 
  Have students draw up a plan on how they would study an underwater archaeological site. What materials would they need? How would it be different from studying a site on the surface?
  

2. Twentieth-Century Marine Science (science as inquiry, science and technology, history and nature of science).

• 
  Reference Figures 2-54a – 1935 hardsuit and 2-54b – Modern one-atmosphere hardsuit.
  
• 
  Have students design a mechanical claw for use in a hardsuit. They can use straws and strings to mimic the hand, cutting notches in the straws to allow for flexibility.
  

3. Underwater Exploration Historical Timeline (science as inquiry, life science, physical science, science and technology, history and nature of science).

• 
  Reference Figure 2-65 – 1511, Image from Vegetius De Re Militari.
  
• 
  Have students discuss why the design in the figure could not possibly work, showing an understanding of pressure as it affects a snorkeler/diver.
  

Extension (Interdisciplinary Connections)

Marine Science and the Real World Questions

These questions provide students with an opportunity to apply major concepts in the chapter to real world situations. They are located at the end of the chapter.

Activity 1 – Research Team Building

Everyone understands that scientific research requires the work of scientists, but what other people are needed to support oceanographic research? Have students brainstorm to develop a list of people needed to support modern oceanographic research, whether from a land-based station, or on board a ship. The list should include electronics technicians to design and maintain instruments, engineers to design submersibles and ROVs, and others, ranging from satellite designers to a ship’s cook. Have each student select one of these positions and do research to find out what training and qualifications are needed to perform the work.

Activity 2 – Social Influences on Oceanography

The history of oceanography has been shaped by many other events throughout history, from the development of new technologies, to social phenomena such as wars or cultural shifts. Have students select a portion of the timeline in Chapter 2 and list these other factors which may have contributed to certain events depicted in the timeline.

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