Notes on African-American History Since 1900
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Senator Barack Obama has emerged as the overwhelming leading candidate for the presidential nominee in the Democratic Party. Recently, having decisively beat Senator Hillary Clinton in North Carolina and losing to her by only two percentage points in Indiana, Barack seems to be the man to beat. He only needs 188 delegates to officially secure the nomination. The fact that an African American man has mounted so successful a campaign for the nation’s highest political office speaks volumes about the changes that have occurred in America even since Jesse Jackson made his bids for president in the Democratic primaries in 1984 and 1988. Since 1988, an “anti-racist majority” of young, middle-aged and some elderly voters have emerged as a mature sector of the electorate. Though the Democratic primary process is a race to the finish; in the overall race for the nomination, Obama leads with 1,840.5 delegates, including separately chosen party and elected officials known as “superdelegates.” Clinton has 1,688. With six primaries left, it is estimated that Clinton will probably win Kentucky, West Virginia and Puerto Rico, and Obama will probably win Oregon, Montana and South Dakota. There are 217 delegates in the final six primaries. Obama, however, won’t win enough of those delegates to claim the nomination because of the proportional method used by the Democrats to award them. That leaves the nomination in the hands of about 270 superdelegates who have yet to be claimed. Superdelegates are the party and elected officials who will automatically attend the national convention and can support whomever they choose, regardless of what happens in the primaries and caucuses. Nearly 800 superdelegates will attend the national convention. About 220 remain undecided and 50 others will be named at state party conventions and meetings throughout the spring.995 So the superdelegates will probably choose the next Democratic presidential candidate basd on their ability to swing the blue-collar white American vote. Obama’s previous association with Reverend Jeremiah Wright and his weakness of drawing white blue-collar voters in large states such as Pennsylvania, Ohio and Texas may be a telling point in the choosing of the 2008 Democratic Party’s Presidential Candidate. If Obama secures the nomination and chooses a good white Vice Presidential prospect who can pick up the white blue-collar vote, then such a ticket has a good chance of defeating the Republican nominee, Senator John McCain and whoever he picks as his running mate. All in all, 2008 is a historical year in terms of the struggle for democracy and equality in America and the world. 1 Harvey Wish, “American Slave Insurrections Before 1861", The Journal of Negro History, XXII (July 1947) pp. 299-320 2 Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States [New York: Harper Colaphon Books, 1980] p.169. 3 Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South [New York: Oxford University Press, 1975], especially Chapter 5. 4 W.E.B. DuBois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880 [New York: Atheneum, 1973], especially Chapter 4. 5 Grant, Susan-Mary, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” History Today, September 1998, http://www.findarticles.com.Grant 6 Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1987] p. 108). 7 Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1987] p. 108. 8 Grant, Susan-Mary, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” History Today, September 1998, www.findarticles.com.Grant 9 Grant, Susan-Mary, “Pride and Prejudice in the American Civil War” History Today, September 1998, www.findarticles.com.Grant 10 Redkey, Edwin S. A Grand Army of Black Men, [Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1992] p. 7.) 11 Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troops in the Civil War 1862-1865 [Boston, New York and London: Little, Brown, and Company 1998], p. 168). 12 Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troops in the Civil War 1862-1865. [Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1992] p. 171) 13 Washington, Varsalle F., Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, [University of Missouri Press, 1999]. p. 59). 14 Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troops in the Civil War 1862-1865, [Little, Brown, and Company 1998] p. 249). 15 Cornish Taylor, Dudley. The Sable Arm Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas], p. 168). 16 Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil War, [Da Capo Press, 1994], p. 319-320) 17Washington, F. Versalle, Eagles on Their Buttons: A Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, [Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1999], p. 38 18 Washington, F. Versalle, Eagles on Their Buttons a Black Infantry Regiment in the Civil War, [Columbia and London: University of Missouri Press, 1999], p. 40). 19 Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troops in the Civil War 1862-1865, [Boston, New York and London: Little, Brown, and Company 1998], p. 254. 20 Trudeau, Noah Ander, Like Men of War, Black Troops in the Civil War 1862-1865, [Boston, New York and London: Little, Brown, and Company 1998], p. 255. 21 Cornish, Dudley Taylor, The Sable Arm, Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865, [Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1987], p. 288 22 Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil War, (New York: Da Capo Press, 1994) p. 129. 23 Wilson, Joseph T. The Black Phalanx, African American Soldiers in the War of Independence, The War of 1812 & The Civil War, (New York: Da Capo Press, 1994). 24 Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, and Stanley Harold, The African-American Odyssey [Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000] pp.259 -260. 25 Hanes Walton Jr., Black Political Parties: An Historical and Political Analysis [New York: The Free Press, 1972] p. 44 26 From Susan Altaian, The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage [New York: Facts on File Inc., 1997] p. 19. Also see: Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War, [England: Viking Press, 2005] 27 Ibid. p. 260 28 Op. Cit., (Darlene Clark Hine, William C. Hine, Stanley Harrold) pp 234-235 29 From Darlene Clarke Hine, William A. Hine and Stanley Harold, The African American Odyssey [Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006] pp 294-295 30 Congressional Globe, March 19, 1867, p. 203. from Raymond A. Winbush, Ph.D., Should America Pay? Slavery and the Raging Debate on Reparations [New York: Amistad, 2003, pp 334-336] 31 From Darlene Clarke Hine, William A. Hine and Stanley Harold, The African American Odyssey, (3rd edition) [Saddle, New Jersey: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2006] p 329 32 Harry C. Silcox, “Nineteenth Century Philadelphia Black Militant: Octavis V. Catto (1839-1871).” From Joe William Trotter and Eric Ledell Smith (eds.) African Americans in Pennsylvania [University Park, PA: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997] pp. 198-219 33 Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1853-1877 [New York: Harper and Row, 1988] p. 553-563 34 Ibid. (From Darlene Clark Hine), p. 328 35 Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution 1853-1877 [New York: Harper & Row, 1988] pp. 575-577 36 Jacqueline Jane Royster (ed), Southern Horrors and Other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells 1892-1900 [Boston: Bedford Books, 1977] p. 1 37 Jacqueline Jones Royster (ed). Southern Horrors and other Writings: The Anti-Lynching. Campaign of Ida B Wells, 1892-1900 [Boston:Bedford Books, 1997] pp.10. 38 Martin Dann, “Black Populism: A Study of the Colored Farmers’ Alliance Through 1891”, The Journal of Ethnic Studies, Volume 2, Number 3, Fall, 1974, pp. 58071. 39 Ferald J. Bryan, Henry Grody or Tom Watson? [Macon, Georgia: Mercer University Press, 1994] pp 63-87 40 Gerald H. Gaither, Blacks and the Populist Movement [Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2005] pp 135-136 41 Alfreda M. Duster, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1980] 42 Emma Lou Thombrough, T. Thomas Fortune: Militant Journalist [Chicago: The University of Chicago, 1972] p. 370 43 Mary Frances Berry, My Face is Black is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Slave Reparations [New York: Alfred A. Knoff, 2005] p. 27 44 Ibid p. 28 45 Op. Cit., (Berry) p. 78 46 Mary Frances Berry, John W. Blassingame, Long Memory: The Black Experience in America [New York: Oxford University Press, 1982] pp.406. 47 Review by Michael Vorenberg, “My Face is Black Is True: Callie House and the Struggle for Ex-Salve Reparations,” NationTime, Summer 2008, p. 18 48 Ibid, P.18 49 Op. Cit., (Berry) p. 52 50 Walter R. Vaughan, Vaughan’s: A Freedman’s Pension Bill [Freeport, New York: Books For Libraries Press, 1971] p. 33. 51 Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle and Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American Left [New York: Oxford University Press, 1998] pp. 417-419 52 Booker T. Washington, Up From Slavery [Boston, New York: Bedford/st. Martins, 2003] and Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Wizard of Tuskagee, 1901-1915 [New York: Oxford University Press, 1983] pp 295-458 53 Jacqueline Jones Royster (ed.) Southern Horrors and other Writings: The Anti-Lynching Campaign of Ida B. Wells, 1892-1900 [Boston: Bedford Books, 1997] 54 Lea E. Williams, Servants of the People, [New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1998] pp 4 55 Nell Irvin Painter, Exodusters [New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1986] pp. 108-117 56 Edward W. Blyden, Christanity, Islam and The Negro Race [Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press, 1991] pp. i-xv 57 Wilson, Jeremiah Moses, edited, Destiny and Race: Selected Writings, 1840-1898, Alexander Crumell [Massachusetts: The University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst, 1992] 58 Amy Alexander, Fifty Black Women Who Changed America [Secaucus, NJ: A Birch Lane Press Book,1999] pp. 35, 38 59 Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus [New Haven: Yale University Press] pp 24-46 60 John Hope Franklin, George Washington Williams: A Biography [Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1961] pp xvi, introduction 61 Gale Ahrens (ed.) Lucy Parsons: Freedom, Equality and Solidarity: Writings and Speeches 1878-1937 [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2004] p. 48 62 W. E. B. DuBois, The Autobiography of W. E. B. DuBois [New York: International Publishers], David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: Biography of a Race: 1868-1919 [New York: A John MaCrae Book, 1993], David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. DuBois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919-1963 [New York: A John Macrae/Ciy Book, 2000] 63 Elliot Rudwick, W.E.B. DuBois: Propagandist of Negro Protest [New York: Antheneum Press, 1972] p. 23 64 Ibid., p. 23 66 Henry Moon, The Emerging Thought of W.E.B. DuBois [New York: Simon and Shuster, 1972] p. 20 67 Ibid., p. 22 68 Op. Cit. (Elliot Rudwick) p. 96 69 Ibid., p. 118 70 Edgar Toppin, A Biographical History of Blacks in America Since 1528 [New York: David McKay Co., Inc., 1971] p. 285 71 Ibid., p. 285 72 Stephen R. Fox, The Guardian of Boston: William Monroe Trotter [New York: Athenaeum, 1970] p. 140 73 Louise Daniel Hutchinson, Anne J. Cooper, A Voice from the South [Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982] p. 187 74 Carson Clayborne, Emma J. Lobsansky-Werner, Gray B. Nash, African-American Lives: The Struggle for Freedom [New York: A Lisa Drew Book, 2001] p. 231 75 A; Lelia Bundles, On Her Own Ground: The Life and Times of Madam C. J. Walker [New York: A Lisa Drew Book, 2001] p 231 76 “Moorish Science Temple of America” from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, p. 3 77 Earl Ofari, “Black Radicalism in the 19th Century”, Black Scholar Vol.5, No.5 (February, 1994), p. 5 78 Florette Henri, Black Migration Movement North, 1900-1920 [Garden City, New York: Anchor Press Doubleday, 1975] pp.17 79 Amy Jacques Garvey, Garvey and Garveyism [New York:Collier Books, 1963] pp.40. 80 Interview with Queen Mother Audley Moore, New York, March 1975. (Queen Mother Moore joined the UNIA, Garvey Movement in New Orleans in 1919) 81 Robert Brisbane, The Black Vanguard [Valley Forge, PA: Judson Press, 1970] pp. 97. 82 Jeff Henderson, “A. Philip Randolph and the Dilemmas of Socialism in the United States, 1917-1941,” Race and Class, No. XX, p. 143. 83 Kevin K. Gaines, Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership Politics and Culture in the Twentieth Century [Chapel Hall: The University of North Carolina Press, 1996] pp. 234-260 84 p. 33 85 John G. Jackson, Hubert Henry Jackson, The Black Socrates [Austin: American Atheist Press, 1987] p. 4 86 J. A. Rogers, World’s Great Men of Color: Volume II [New York: MacMillan, 1947] p. 433 87 Ibid. p. 434 88 Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas (ed.) Encyclopedia of the American Left [Chicago: St. James Press, 1998] p. 292 89 Op. Cit., (John G. Jackson) p. 4. 90 Wilfred David Samuels, Five Voices in American Culture, 1917-1929: Hubert H. Harrison, Wilfred A. Domingo, Richard B. Moore, Cyril Briggs, and Claude McKay (Ph.D. The University of Iowa, 1977: Dissertation Abstracts International Volume: 38-07 unpublished) p. 54 91 Ibid. p. 61 92 Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, Dan Georgakas, Encyclopedia of the American Left [Chicago: St. James Press, 1992] p. 292 93 Op. Cit., (Winfred David Samuels) p. 67 94 Ibid., p. 70 95 Op. Cit., (Samuels) p. 73 96 Op. Cit., (John G. Jackson) p. 5 97 Op. Cit., (Samuels) p. 75 98 Op. Cit., (Rogers) p, 434 99 William Seraile, “Ben Fletcher, I.W.W. Organizer, Pennsylvania History 46 (1979) p. 214 100 Ibid 101 Op. Cit. (p. 217) 102 Peter Cole, Ben Fletcher: The Life and Times of a Black Wobbly [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2007] p. 9 103 Fellow worker Ben Fletcher a Legacy of Solidarity p. 1, http://www.iww.org/culture/biography/benfletcher 104 Op. Cit. (Cole), p. 19 105 Ben Fletcher, “The Task of Local 8 The Marine Transport Workers of Philadelphia”, printed in The Messenger 3 (October 1921): 262-63, from Peter Cole, Ben Fletcher: The Life and Times of a Black Wobbly [Chicago: Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 2007] p. 90 106 Ibid., p. 21 107 Op. Cit. (Servaile) p. 228 108 Op. Cit. (Cole) p. 30 109 Will Haygood, “Keeping the Faith”, Winter 1998, American Legacy pp. 26 110 Martin Kilson, “Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.: The Militant”, August Meier, ed., Black Leaders of the Twentieth Century, [Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1982], p. 269 111 Ibid, p. 269 112 Charles H. Loeb, The Future is Yours [Cleveland, Ohio: Future Outlook League, May 1, 1947] p. 82 113 Paula F. Pfeffer, A. Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement [Baton Rouge and London: Louisiana State University Press, 1990] pp. 8 114 Dorothy C. Salem, The Journey: A History of the African American Experience [Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 1997] p. 298 115 Philip Foner, Organized Labor and the Back Worker, 1619-1981 [New York: International Publishers, 1982] p. 177 116 Ibid, p. 178 117 William Harris, Keeping the Faith: A. Philip Randolph, Milton P. Webster and The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925-1937) England: University of Illinois Press, 1977] p. 35 118 Op. Cit., (Philip Foner) p. 179 119 Op. Cit., (Philip Foner) p. 182 120 Ibid., p. 182 121 Op. Cit., (Philip Foner) p. 184 122 Ibid., (Foner) p. 184 124 Scott Ellsworth, Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921 [Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1982] and Michael D’Orso, Rosewood: Like Judgment Day [New York: Boulevard Books, 1996] 125 W. Burghardt Turner and Joyce Moore Turner (ed), Richard B. Moore, Caribbean Militant in Harlem: Collected Writings 1920-1972 [Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988] pp 27-68 126Theodore G. Vinent, Black Power and the Garvey Movement [San Francisco: Ramparts Press, 1971] p. 1 127Ibid, p.77. 128Herbert Apthecker, ed., A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States, 1910 - 1932, Vol. II [Secaucus, New Jersey: The Citadel Press, 1973], pp.413-420. 129R. Halliburton, Jr., “The Tulsa Race War of 1921,” Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 2, No.3 [March 1972], p.333. 130 “Programme of the African Blood Brotherhood,” The Communist Review, Vol.2, No. 6 [April 1922], pp. 453 -454 131 Harry Haywood, Black Bolshevik [Chicago: Liberator Press, 19078], p.124. Directory: Documents -> Finder -> Black%20Liberation%20Disk -> Black%20Power! Documents -> The great global switch-off Documents -> Nonprofit grant application Documents -> The Truth about the Rwandan Genocide Documents -> Annual InStructional unit plan Documents -> Chaos equipment included Black%20Power! -> The Need (Importance) for Student Activism in the 21st Century Black%20Power! -> When and how I wrote toward black liberation part I and malcolm X and the black liberation movement Black%20Power! -> Notes on African-American History Since 1900 Download 3 Mb. Share with your friends:
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