Notes on African-American History Since 1900

471 Interview with Donald Freeman; Cleveland, Ohio, 5/94.

472 Taped interview with Sister Y., Chicago, Illinois, October 30, 1978.

473 Interview with Eric Perkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 10/94.

474 Ibid.

475 RAM Organizational Document, 1965, p. 4.

476 Interview with Eric Perkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 5/94.

477 Interview with Eric Perkins, Philadelphia, Pa., 5/94.

478 Louis G. Robinson, The Making of a Man, [Cleveland, Ohio: Green & Sons, 1970], p. 126.

479 Pramb Chatterjee, Local Leadership in Black Communities [Cleveland, Ohio: School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 1975], p. 74.

480 Ibid., p. 80.

481 Interview with Katrina Hazzard, Philadelphia, Pa., 8/93, p. 8.

482 Interview with Harrell Jones, Cleveland, 5/95, p. 5.

483 Op. Cit., (Pramb Chatterjee, Local Leadership in Black Communities), p. 81.

484 Interview with Katrina Hazzard, Philadelphia, Pa., 9/93.

485 Louis H. Masott, Jerome R. Corsi, Shootout in Cleveland: Black Militants and the Police: July 23, 1968 [New York: Bantam Books, 1969], p. 23.

486 “Greetings to Our Militant Vietnamese Brothers,” Black America, Fall, 1964, p. 21.

487 Appeal to Afro-Americans in the United States Imperialist Armed Forces, July 4, 1965. See Appendix A.

488 Robin Kelly, D. G. Kelley and Betsy Esch, “Black Like Mao: Notes on Red China and Black Revolution,” (unpublished paper), pp. 19-22.

489 Interviews with Earnest (Chui) Thomas, organizer of the Deacons for Defense, Louisiana, New York and Detroit, Michigan, 8/65.

490 Interview with ex-field organizer of RAM, Ozzie (Bill White), Atlanta, Ga., 8/78.

491 Meetings with LeRoi Jones and Max Stanford, Brooklyn, N.Y. 3/65 (Larry Neal was to be the liaison between Jones and Stanford).

492 Robert Carl Cohen, Black Crusader: A Biography of Robert Franklin Williams [Seacaucus, New Jersey: Lyle Stuart, Inc., 1972, pp. 291-292. Also see Ruth C. Reitan, The Rise and Decline of an Alliance: Cuba and African-American Leaders in the 1960’s [unpublished Ph.D. dissertation], p.173.

493 Grace and James Boggs, Detroit: Birth of a Nation, Pamphlet, October, 1967, p. 7.

494 Interview with Ernest Allen, Amherst, Mass., 5/74.

495 Jesse Douglas Allen-Taylor, “On Men and War,” “Say, Brother,” Essence, February, 1988, p. 9.

496 Ibid.

497 Max Stanford, Participant-Observer interview, 4/65, New York, N.Y.

498 Interview with Hakim Rahman, Philadelphia, Pa. 8/02.

499 Interview with Sam Anderson, New York, 4/94, p. 5.

500 Interview with Eddie Ellis, New York, N.Y., 4/94, p. 4.

501 Riots, Civil and Criminal Disorders (Washington, D.C., U.S., Government Printing Office, 1969), p. 4237.

502 “Black Panthers Open Harlem Drive,” Amsterdam News, September 31, 1966.

503 Akbar Muhammad Ahmad, “A Brief History of the Black Liberation Movement in the 1960’s: Focus on RAM,” unpublished, p. 10.

504 Alkamal Ahmed Muhammad, Taped Interview (New York: December 20, 1978).

505 Op. Cit., (Ahmad), p. 12.

506 Revolutionary Action Movement, Internal Document, Some Questions Concerning the Present Period, 1967, p. 2.

507 Ibid., p. 2.

508 Michael W. Miles, The Radical Probe: The Logic of Student Rebellion, (New Jersey: Antheneum Publishers, 1971), pp. 192-193.

509 Ibid., p. 193.

510 Revolutionary Action Movement, Internal Document, “Some Questions Concerning the Present Period,” 1967, p. 4.

511 Max Stanford/participant observer report, 3/67.

512 Interview with Hakim Rahman (George Anderson), 5/94, Philadelphia, PA.

513 Interview with Dr. Nathan Hare, 9/00. Also RAM Leader, “Five Teenagers are Held in Jail for Conspiracy to Incite to Riot”, The Evening Bulletin, Monday, July 31, 1967, (Philadelphia) p. 4.

514 Interview with Herman Ferguson, New York, New York, 5/02, “The Strange Plot to Kill Roy Wilkins,” Sepia, September 1967, pp. 58-63 and “Police Pick Up First of Three In Bomb Plot” Evening Bulletin, September 29, 1967.

515 Interview with Albert Forrest, Cleveland, Ohio, 3/71. Also see Arthur C. Willis, Cecil’s City: A History of Blacks in Philadelphia 1638-1979 [New York: A Heatherstone Book: Carlton Press, Inc., p. 141.

516 Etani Kae Sera, False Internationalism: Class Contradictions in the Armed Struggle [Chicago, Illinois: A Seeds Beneath the Snow Publication, 1985] pp. 173-175.

517 Interview with Khalid Muhammad, and Salahdin Muhammad (Booker T. Washington X), Camden, N.J., 7/73.

518 Interviews with activists (ex-Black Guards) in Philadelphia, Pa., 6/78. Interview with Phil White, New York, N.Y. 5/78, p. 2.

519 Ibid., p. 4.

520 Interview with Albert Forrest “Breeze”, Cleveland, Ohio, 3/71.

521 Taped interviews with ex-RAM/Black Guards members, 5/77.

522 “Police Rout 3,500 Unruly Pupils at Black Power Protest,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, Saturday Morning, November 18, 1967, p.1.

523 Interview with Nathan Hare, 9/00.

524 Interview with Veda Harris, telephone, Cleveland to Philadelphia, PA, 10/97.

525 Jack Bass and Jack Nelson, The Orangeburg Massacre, [Mercer University Press, 1984], pp. 60-71. Also telephone conversation with Cleveland Sellers and Max Stanford, from Philadelphia, Pa. And Orangeburg, South Carolina, Spring, 6/68.

526 Interview with Askia Muhammad Ture, 10/5/00, 5/02, Cleveland to Boston.

527 Interview with Nathan Hare, tape, 9/00.

528 Eric Perkins, Interview, Philadelphia, Pa., 1994.

529 Ibid.

530 Conversation with Attorney Cecil B. Moore and Max Stanford, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., 6/68.

531 Participant-Observer reflections (Muhammad Ahmad), Cleveland, Ohio, 8/97.

532 Max Stanford, Participant-observer, The 3^rd National Black Power Conference, Philadelphia, PA, 8/68.

533 Op. Cit. (E. Tani & Kae Sera, False Nationalism, False Internationalism), p. 173.

534 Interview with Kwame Ture (Stokely Carmichael), Oberlin, Ohio, 5/96.

535 Interview with Eddie Ellis, New York, N.Y., 8/14/93.

536 Alkamal Ahmed Muhammad (Shelton Duncan), taped interview, New York: 12/78.

537 Amsterdam News, September 3, 1966.

538 Interview with Kenneth Freeman, Washington, D.C., 8/68.

539 “Steps Toward Organizing a National Movement in the African-American Struggle for National Liberation Part 2,” (N.Y. BPP position paper), pp. 1 (8/66).

540 Akbar Muhammad Ahmad “A Brief History of the Black Liberation Movement in the 1960’s: Focus on RAM,” unpublished, p. 10.

541 Interview with Sam Anderson, Harlem, N.Y., 9/93.

542 Op. Cit., Interview with Alkmal Ahmed Muhammad (Shelton Duncan). Also, see Amsterdam News, September 3, 1966 and The New York Times, September 13, 1966.

¹⁰ Op. Cit., Steps Toward Organizing a National Movement in the African-American Struggle for National Liberation Part I, p. 3.

543

544 Bobby Seale, Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, [New York: Random House, 1970], p. 23.

545 Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor, J. Tarika Lewis, PANTHER, A Pictorial History of the Black Panthers and The Story Behind the Film, [New York: New Market Press, 1995], p. 23.

546 Huey P. Newton, Revolutionary Suicide, [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1973], pp. 108-109.

547 Ibid, p. 24.

548 Bobby Seale, Seize the Time, [New York: Random House, 1990], p. 60.

549 E. Tani and Kae Sera, False Nationalism, False Internationalism: Class Contradictions in the Armed Struggle, [Chicago, Illinois: A Seeds Beneath the Snow Publication, 1985] p. 187.

550 Earl Anthony, Picking Up the Gun, [New York: Dial Press, 1971], pp. 37-39.

551 Bobby Seale, Seize the Time, [New York: Random House, 1970], pp. 28-29.

552 Interview with Ernie Allen, Amherst, Mass., 1994.

553 Interview with Brother D., ex-member of the BPP of Northern California, Amherst, Mass., 1978.

554 Op. Cit., (False Nationalism, False Internationalism), p. 187.

555 Huey P. Newton, Toni Morrison (ed.) To Die For The People: Selected Writings and Speeches, [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1973], p. 16. Also see Huey P. Newton Revolutionary Suicide, p. 117. Also see John T. McCartney, Black Power Ideologies: An Essay in African-American Political Thought, [Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992], p. 146

556Sundiata Acoli, “A Brief History of the Black Panther Party and It’s Place In The Black Liberation Movement”, p. 3.

557 Interview with Kenneth Freeman (telephone), May 3, 1967, Philadelphia, PA/San Francisco, California

*Historical Note: RAM was organized as an on-campus organization in 1962 and expanded or reorganized as a community organization in Philadelphia, PA in 1963 by founder mentor/senior central committee member, Mrs. Ethel “Azelle” Johnson who had been a co-worker of Robert Williams in Monroe, N.C. since 1957. RAM organizers met with Williams in Havana, Cuba in 1964, where he accepted the position of international chairman of RAM. Some RAM members had worked with Williams as individuals as members of other formations such as the Fair Play for Cuba Committee and the Monroe Defense Committee.

558 Robert H. Brisbane, Black Activism: Racial Revolution in the United States 1954-1970, [Valley Force: Judson Press, 1974], p. 202.

559 Earl Anthony, Picking Up the Gun, [New York: Pyramid Books, 1971], p. 16. Also see, Spitting in the Wind [Malibu, California: Roundtable Publishing Company], p. 23.

560 Op. Cit., (False Nationalism, False Internationalism), p. 188.

561 New York Times, Wednesday, May 3, 1967, p. 3.

562 Historical Note: The classical definition of lumpen proletariat and the intentions or definitions of Huey P. Newton, Bobby Seale and Eldridge Cleaver are a matter of ideological dispute. It is suggested to read The Black Panther Party: Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], especially pages 43-47.

563 G. Louis Heath, Off The Pigs: The History and Literature of the Black Panther Party, [Metuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. 1976], p. 21.

564 E. Tani and Kae Sera, False Nationalism, False Internationalism, [Chicago, Illinois: A Seed’s Beneath The Snow Publication, 1985], pp. 187, 188

565 Op. Cit., [E. Tani and Kae Sera], p. 190.

566 Op. Cit., John T. McCartney, Black Power Ideologies, p. 147.

567 Robert H. Brisbane, Black Activism: Racial Revolution in the United States, [Valley Forge: Judson Press, 1974], p. 209.

568 Bobby Seale, Op. Cit., p. 219.³⁶

569 Bobby Seale, Ibid, p. 221.

570 James Forman, The Making of Black Revolutionaries, [Seattle, WA: Opened Hand Publishing, Inc., 1985], pp. 522-523.

571 Interview with Don Stone, Atlanta, Georgia, 1994.

572 Huey P. Newton, To Die for the People: The Writings of Huey P. Newton (Toni Morrison (ed.)), [New York: Writers and Readers Publishing, Inc., 1995], pp. 14-19.

573 Op. Cit., G. Louis Heath, p. 49.

574 Letter from Jonia Abron to Muhammad Ahmad 6/17/99. Historial Note: RAM considered itself a revolutionary nationalist organization. RAM cooperated and worked with various white left groups since 1963 but was critical of them.

575 Jim Haskins, Power To The People: The Rise and Fall of the Black Panther Party, [New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], p. 61.

576 Earl Anthony, Picking Up the Gun [New York: Dial press, 1971], p. 81. Also, The Black Panther Party: Reconsidered, [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 31.

577 Bobby Seale, Seize The Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, [New York: Random House, 1968], p. 208.

578 G. Lewis Heath, Off the Pig! The History and Literature of the Black Panther Party, [Meuchen, N.J.: The Scarecrow Press, Inc., 1976], p. 50.

579 Kathleen Rout, Eldridge Cleaver, [Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991], p. 63.

580 David Hilliard and Lewis Cole, This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hillard and the Story of the Black Panther Party, [Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993], p. 183.

581 Jim Haskins, Power to the People: The Rise and Fall of the Black Panther Party, [New York: Simon & Schuster Books for Young Readers, 1997], pp. 44-48.

582 Op. Cit., (Kathleen Rout, Eldridge Cleaver), pp. 70-71.

583 Ibid. p. 72.

584 Interview with Huey Newton in “Eyes on the Prize” video.

585 Kirt Kim Holder, The History of the Black Panther Party 1966-1972: A Curriculum Tool for African-American Studies: unpublished dissertation, p. 122.

586 Video Power to the People.

587 Interview with Bila Sunni Ali, Amherst, Mass., 1975.

588 House of Representatives, Ninety-Second Congress, Report by the Committee on Internal Security, Gun-Barrel Politics: The Black Panther Party, 1966-1971. Washington, D. C., U. S. Government Printing Office, 1971, p. 69.

589 Black Panther Party Part 4 National Office Operations and Investigation of Activities in Des Moines, Iowa and Omaha, Nebr./Hearings before the Committee on Internal Security House of Representatives Ninety-First Congress Second Session Appendix A, p. 4977.

590 Op. Cit., Gun Barrel Politics, p. 69.

591 Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor and J. Tarika Lewis, Panther: A Pictorial History of the Black Panthers and the Story Behind the Film, [New York: New Market Press, 1995], p. 67.

592 Ibid, Panther, p. 70.

593 Ibid, Panther, p. 71.

594 Ollie A. Johnson III, “Explaining the Demise of the Black Panther Party: The Role of Internal Factors” in Charles E. Jones (ed.) The Black Panther Party: Reconsidered (Baltimore Black Classic Press, 1998), p. 398.

595 Assata Shakur, Assata: An Autobiography, (Chicago, Illinois, Lawrence Hill, 1987), p. 221.

596 Ibid, (A. Shakur), p. 222.

597 Earl Anthony, Picking Up the Gun, [New York: Pyramid Books, 1971], p. 100.

598 Op. Cit., Picking Up The Gun, p. 107.

599 Interview with Abdul Quhar (Ben Simmons), Cleveland, Ohio 1997.

600 Interview with Rashad Byrdsong, Cleveland, Ohio, 1998.

601 Sundiata Acoli, “A Brief History of the Black Panther Party and Its Place in the Black Liberation Movement,” April 2, 1985, p. 1.

602 Op. Cit., Kathleen Rout, Eldridge Cleaver (Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991), p. 83.

603 Look for Me in the Whirlwind: The Collective Autobiography of the New York 21, [New York: Random House, 1971] p. 148

604 Ibid, p. 150

605 Interview with Safiya Bukhari 6/6/98. Cleveland to New York, Telephone Interview.

606 Video Interview with Cleo Silver (1999) New York to Cleveland, Ohio.

607 Kathleen Rout, Eldridge Cleaver, [Boston: Twayne Publishers, 1991], p. 136.

608 Ibid, (Kathleen Rout), p.71.

609 Op. Cit., Rout, p. 72.

610 Eyes on the Prize Power! Video (1966-1968).

611 Bobby Seale, Seize The Time [New York: Random House, 1970] p. 370.

612 Charles Jones, (ed.) The Black Panther Party Reconsidered, [Black Classic Press, 1998], p. 130.

613 Elaine Brown, A Taste of Power [New York: Pantheon Books, 1992], pp. 156-160.

614 Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor and J. Tarika Lewis, Panther, [New York: New Market Press, 1995], p. 182.

615 Gun Barrel Politics: The Black Panther Party, 1966-1971, [Washington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, 197], p. 54.

616 Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor and J. Tarika Lewis, Panther: A Pictorial History of the Black Panthers and the Story Behind the Film, [New York: New Market Press, 1995], p. 182.

617 Ibid, p. 182.

618 Op. Cit., p. 182.

619 Ibid, p. 182.

620 Op. Cit., p. 182.

621 William Lee Brent, Long Time Gone, [New York: Times Books, 1996], pp. 133-142.

622 Charles E. Jones (ed.), The Black Panther Party [Reconsidered], [Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998], pp. 370-372.

623 Ibid. pp. 220-224.

624 Mario Van Peebles, Ula Y. Taylor and Jitarika Lewis, Panther, [New York: New Market Press, 1995], p. 183.

625 Ibid., p. 183.

626 Jim Fletcher, Tanaquil Jones and Sylvere Latringer, Still Black, Still Strong, [New York: Semiotext (e), 1993], p. 232.

627 Op. Cit., p. 183.

628 Bobby Seale, Seize the Time, [New York: Random House, 1970], pp. 289-296.

629 Ibid., pp. 296-314.

630 Ibid., Gun Barrel Politics, p. 100.

631 Op. Cit., (Fletcher, Jones, Tatringer), p. 232.

632 Op. Cit., (Van Peebles), p. 184.

633 Ibid., p. 184.

634 Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, Agents of Repression [Boston, MA: South End Press, 1990], pp. 64-77.

635 Interview with John Bracey, Jr., Amherst, Mass. , 1993, Interview with Louis Randall, Amherst, Mass., 1975.

636 Op. Cit. (Mario Van Peebles, Panther), p. 184.

637 Ibid., p. 184.

638 Kenneth O’Reilly, Racial Matters: The F.B.I.’s Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972, [New York: The Free Press, 1989], p. 297.

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