On substances that deplete the ozone layer



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9.6 Concluding remarks


  • This chapter shows that no “ideal” low-GWP replacements for HFC-134a, R-410A, and HCFC-22 have been identified for chiller applications. An “ideal” refrigerant would have nearly-zero ODP, a zero or low GWP, an A1 ASHRAE/ISO safety classification, near-zero temperature glide, energy efficiency equivalent to or better than the refrigerant being replaced, and acceptable cost for the quantity used in typical chillers. Additionally, the cost of conversion of compressors and heat exchangers should not be prohibitive to manufacturers.

  • Global warming effects from chillers are dominated by their energy use. There continues to be consumer and regulatory pressure to improve full and part load or seasonal energy consumption which will have a positive climate impact.

  • Direct global warming effects from refrigerant emissions from chillers are significantly smaller than the climate effect from the energy consumed during the lifetime of operation. Emissions have been significantly reduced in recent years through lower charge systems, low-leak designs, manufacturing and testing improvements, and improved service practices.

  • Thus, chemical producers and chiller manufacturers will continue to focus their efforts on refrigerant candidates that provide energy efficiencies that are equal to or better than the refrigerants being replaced.

  • A1 refrigerants with GWPs up to 675 offer performance and safety benefits for some applications.

  • The ultimate goal is to choose alternative solutions that are the most energy efficient while remaining viable to chiller manufacturers, regulators, and users.

9.7 References


AHRI, 2011 Standard 550/590-2011 with Addendum 1: Performance Rating of Water-Chilling and Heat Pump Water-Heating Packages Using the Vapor Compression Cycle, 2011. Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute, Arlington VA, USA

ASHRAE, 2013 ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 15-2013, Safety Standard for Refrigeration Systems, 2013. American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA

Boone, 2011 Boone, J., Adsorption Chiller, UNEP/IIR 14th European Conference on Renewable Energy Applications in Heating and Cooling, Edinburgh, 2011

Calm, 2011 Calm, J.M., Refrigerants for Deep Mine Refrigeration, Refrigerants for Sustainable Development, Proceedings of the 23rd International Congress of Refrigeration, Prague, Czech Republic, August 21-26, 2011; International Institute for Refrigeration, Paris, France, Paper 914

EN, 2008 EN378: 2008. Refrigerating Systems and Heat Pumps – Safety and Environmental Requirements, 2008, A1 2012 Parts 1-4, Comite Europeen de Normalisation, Brussels

ISO, 2014 ISO Standard 5149:2014. Mechanical Refrigeration Systems Used for Heating and Cooling – Safety Requirements, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland

Jahn, 1996 Jahn, E., Lausen, D., and Paul, J., 1996. Cooling of Mines with Vacuum Ice, Proceedings of the FRIGA’96 Conference, Johannesburg, South Africa

Johnson, 2012 Johnson, P.A., Wang, X., and Amrane, K., AHRI Low-GWP Alternative Refrigerant Evaluation Program, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA , October 29-30

Leck, 2010 Leck, T.J., Kontomaris, K., and Rinne, F., 2010. Development and Evaluation of High Performance, Low GWP Refrigerants for AC and Refrigeration, Conference on Sustainable Refrigeration and Heat Pump Technology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden, June 13-16

Kontomaris, 2009 Kontomaris, K., Leck, T.J., 2009. Low GWP Refrigerants for Centrifugal Chillers, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), 2009 Annual Conference, Louisville, KY, USA, June 24

Kontomaris, 2010a Kontomaris, K., and Leck, T.J., 2010. Low GWP Refrigerants for Air Conditioning of Large Buildings, 10th REHVA World Congress, Sustainable Energy Use in Buildings, Antalya, Turkey, May 9-12

Kontomaris, 2010b Kontomaris, K., Leck, T.J., and Hughes, J., 2010. A Non-Flammable, Reduced GWP, HFC-134a Replacement in Centrifugal Chillers: DR-11, 13th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA, July 12-15

Kontomaris, 2010c Kontomaris, K., 2010. A Low GWP Replacement for HCFC-123 in Centrifugal Chillers: DR-2, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) and United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) Conference, Road to Climate Friendly Chillers – Moving Beyond CFCs and HCFCs, Cairo, Egypt, September 30-October 1

Kontomaris, 2013 Kontomaris, K., Kulankara, S., and Kauffman, J.P., A Reduced Global Warming Potential Replacement for HFC-134a in Centrifugal Chillers: XP-10 Measured Performance and Projected Climate Impact, HVAC&R Research, 19(7) p. 857-864

Ophir, 2008 Ophir, A., 2008. Mechanical Heat Pumps Using Water as Refrigerant for Ice Production and Air Conditioning, presentation, International District Energy Association (IDEA), 99th Annual Convention in Orlando, FL, Westborough, MA, USA

Pearson, 2008a Pearson, A., 2008. Ammonia’s Future, ASHRAE Journal, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, 50(2): 30-36

Pearson, 2008b Pearson, A., 2008. Water Chillers with Ammonia for Building Services, Natural Refrigerants – Sustainable Ozone and Climate Friendly Alternatives to HCFCs, published by German Technical Cooperation Programme Proklima, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Bonn, Germany, July

Pearson, 2012 Pearson, A., 2012. Opportunities for Ammonia, ASHRAE/NIST Refrigerants Conference, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA, American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE), Atlanta, GA, USA, October 29-30

Schuiltz, 2012 Schultz, K., Kujak, S., System Drop-In Tests of R-134a Alternative Refrigerants (ARM-42a, N-13a, N-13b, R-1234ze(E), and Opteon TM (XP10) in a 230-RT Water Cooled Water Chiller, AHRI Low-GWP AREP Test Report #7, Nov. 19, 2012 (See website below for access)

Schultz, 2014 Schultz, K., 2014. Performance of R-410A and R-22 Low GWP Alternative Refrigerants at Elevated Temperatures, 15th International Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN, USA, July 14-17

Sheer, 2001 Sheer, T.J., Butterworth, M.D., and Ramsden, R., 2001. Ice as a Coolant for Deep Mines, Chapter 52, Proceedings of the 7th International Mine Ventilation Congress, Research and Development Center for Electrical Engineering and Automation in Mining, Krakow, Poland, June

Spatz, 2008 Spatz, M.W., 2008. Latest Developments in Refrigerants for A/C&R Applications, The International Symposium on New Refrigerants and Environmental Technology 2008. Kobe, Japan, November 20-21

TEAP, 2013 Decision XXIV/7 Task Force Report, Additional Information on Alternatives to ODS, 2013. Report of the UNEP Technology and Economic Assessment Panel, UNEP Ozone Secretariat, Nairobi, Kenya, September 2013

Website

AHRI 2013 Site for Low-GWP AREP Test reports: www.ahrinet.org/resources/research tab - then AHRI Low-GWP Alternate Refrigerants Evaluation Program for list of downloadable test reports



Chapter 10

__________________________________________________________



Vehicle Air Conditioning

Chapter Lead Author
Jürgen Köhler
Co-Authors
Radhey Agarwal

Radim Čermák

Jiangping Chen

Dave Godwin

Carloandrea Malvicino




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