Overfishing aff inherency
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- Overfishing causes the price of fish to increase
- Food wars are directly linked to price spikes—2008 and 2011 global food crises prove
- Food price spikes cause global social unrest and violent conflict
- Overfishing increases prices and is detrimental to the poor – only quotas solve
- A2: Turn – IFQ increase Prices
Price Spikes ScenarioCauses Price SpikesOverfishing causes resource depletion and price spikesFashandi et al. 10 Dr.Bhram Shakouri Department of Economics Islamic Azad University, Dr.Soheila khoshnevis Yazdi Department of Economics Islamic Azad University, Anahita Fashandi Student of Department of Marine Biology, Islamic Azad University, “Overfishing”, 2010 2nd International Conference on Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering (ICBEE 2010) , IEEE, Pg. 1, Accessed: 7/1/14 CS Oceans have received only slight consideration in recent discussions of the global fisheries crisis, even though fisheries provide much-needed protein, jobs, and income, especially in poor rural communities of developing countries. Systematic overfishing of fresh waters is largely unrecognized because of weak reporting and because fishery declines take place within a complex of other pressures. Moreover, the ecosystem consequences of changes to the species, size, and tropic composition of fish assemblages are poorly understood. These complexities underline the paradox that overexploitation of a fishery may not be marked by declines in total yield, even when individual species and long-term sustainability are highly threatened. Around the world, over-fishing is leading to severe depletion of valuable fisheries. This is as true in many parts of the world. According to the United Nations Environment Program, fully 25 percent of fisheries worldwide are in jeopardy of collapse due to over-fishing. Overfishing is a common problem worldwide. For example, it is estimated that we have removed 90% of the large fish (e.g., sharks, swordfish) from the ocean. And as a result of overfishing, the price of fish has gone way upl. In this section, we will explore why overfishing is common, and what can be done about it. Ecosystem considerations may be incorporated into fisheries management by modifying existing overfishing paradigms or by developing new approaches to account for ecosystem structure and function in relation to harvesting. Ecosystem based overfishing concepts are to assume a greater role in management, unambiguous, quantifiable, and predictive measures of ecosystem state and flux. Ecosystem considerations do not need to substitute for existing overfishing concepts, practice, they emphasize the need to manage fishing capacity, supported by broader use of technical measures such as marine protected areas and gear restrictions. Overfishing causes the price of fish to increaseNoyes in 2011, James, El Camino College, http://www.elcamino.edu/faculty/tnoyes/Readings/13C__R-Overfishing_Reading.pdf/ We now take over 4 times the amount of seafood from the ocean that we did in the 1950s, an increase of more than 300%. According to the (conservative) estimates of the United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization, over half of the world’s fisheries are overexploited or perilously close to it. By definition, overfishing is taking so many fish from the ocean that there are not enough left to reproduce and replenish the population. Therefore, when fishermen overfish, the fish population goes down, making it easier to overfish during the next year. (If the population is lower, then you could still be overfishing, even if you take fewer fish than the previous year.) Overfishing is a common problem worldwide. For example, it is estimated that we have removed 90% of the large fish (e.g., sharks, swordfish) from the ocean. And as a result of overfishing, the price of fish has gone way up. In this section, we will explore why overfishing is common, and what can be done about it. Price Spikes ImpactFood wars are directly linked to price spikes—2008 and 2011 global food crises proveKick et al, 2011(Edward L Kick, Laura A McKinney and Gretchen H Thompson, November 2011, International Journal of Comparative Sociology 2011 52: 478 originally published online 10 http://cos.sagepub.com/content/52/6/478.full.pdf+html) Political economic interpretations. Political economists employing world-system and dependency interpretations (Frank, 1969; Wallerstein, 1974) argue domestic dynamics including food depriva- tion are the consequence of a global division of labor in which core capitalist accumulation results from exploitation of the semiperiphery and periphery (McMichael, 2004; Wallerstein, 1974; Wimberley and Bello, 1992). Populations in the developing world, the South, are left vulnerable due to limited food supplies coupled with barriers to food access (Jenkins and Scanlan, 2001; Scanlan, 2001a, cos.sagepub.com at UMKC University Libraries on July 2, 2014Downloaded from 484 International Journal of Comparative Sociology 52(6) 2001b, 2003, 2004). Thus, while capitalist development – via modernizing processes – increases well-being in the United States, Japan and the North Atlantic ‘core’ nations of the world system, it is temporally, spatially, and causally coterminous with the relative under–development of the rest of the system. Modernization proponents propose that greater globalization in the form of Westernization mitigates the intensity of food deprivation in developing countries, but the world- system/dependency perspective adopts the position it exacerbates food deprivation for them. The global food regime literature (Friedmann, 1982; Friedmann and McMichael, 1989) provides additional, related insights into food deprivation. As a companion to world-system/dependency theory, the food regime approach is informed by a political economic interpretation of nationally- based entitlements to global food markets (McMichael, 2009; Weis, 2007). Proponents have noted precipitous increases in food imports among developing countries, especially during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, which promoted profit and development within core nations while fostering vulnerability in the semiperiphery and periphery (McMichael, 2009). The 2008 and 2011 global food crises consistently showed rising food prices escalated hunger and precipitated global crises (Heady et al., 2010). Steep increases in food prices have caused cash-strapped households throughout the developing South to use unsustainable portions of their domestic budgets to procuring food (Brown, 2011; IFPRI, 2009). The globalized hierarchy of food production and trade for profit led by the United States and European Union (EU) has used domestic agricultural policies, such as the US Farm Bill or the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy to support domestic agricultural industries to help ensure national development, based in part on global agricultural exports and trade (Pechlaner and Otero, 2010). Compelled to participate in global trade and regional trade agreements (e.g. the North American Free Trade Agreement), developing countries lower barriers to agricultural trade which often results in an influx of core agricultural products that fosters food import dependency (McMichael, 2009; Pechlaner and Otero, 2010). When considered alongside the many other, hier- archically arranged axes of global power, this results in the deepening marginalization of the global South. For this line of argument, then, food deprivation is best viewed alongside the many inter- penetrating international power structures that perpetuate a globalized spatial inequality between the developed North and developing South. Violent conflict and food deprivation. Another pathway in our model of food deprivation emanates (indirectly) from conflict. Although the longstanding ‘guns and/or butter’ debate between moderniza- tion and dependency perspectives has led to sometimes contradictory hypotheses about the relationship between militarization and food deprivation, one point of greater agreement is that intra- and inter- national wars undermine food provisions. They do so through ‘food wars’ (Bello and Baviera, 2009), the increased loss of access to food among vulnerable populations (Jenkins et al., 2007; Messer and Cohen, 2006; Messer et al., 2001; Scanlan, 2001b) and impediments to overall development and growth, including the basic provision of public goods and services (Benoit, 1973; Bullock and Firebaugh, 1990; Kick and Sharda, 1986; Kick et al., 1998), which impact food production and distribution. Jenkins et al. (2007) additionally find that the cessation of conflict reduces child hunger. This is consistent with the bulk of approaches that posit conflict exacerbates military spending, and may indirectly heighten the intensity of food deprivation. Food price spikes cause global social unrest and violent conflictKlare, 2012 < Michael T. Klare is the Professor of Peace and World Security Studies at Hampshire College, The Hunger Wars in Our Future, http://www.motherjones.com/environment/2012/08/food-scarcity-drought-global-crisis> This, however, is just the beginning of the likely consequences: if history is any guide, rising food prices of this sort will also lead to widespread social unrest and violent conflict. Food—affordable food—is essential to human survival and well-being. Take that away, and people become anxious, desperate, and angry. In the United States, food represents only about 13% of the average household budget, a relatively small share, so a boost in food prices in 2013 will probably not prove overly taxing for most middle- and upper-income families. It could, however, produce considerable hardship for poor and unemployed Americans with limited resources. "You are talking about a real bite out of family budgets,"commented Ernie Gross, an agricultural economist at Omaha's Creighton University. This could add to the discontent already evident in depressed and high-unemployment areas, perhaps prompting an intensified backlash against incumbent politicians and other forms of dissent and unrest. It is in the international arena, however, that the Great Drought is likely to have its most devastating effects. Because so many nations depend on grain imports from the US to supplement their own harvests, and because intense drought and floods are damaging crops elsewhere as well, food supplies are expected to shrink and prices to rise across the planet. "What happens to the US supply has immense impact around the world," says Robert Thompson, a food expert at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. As the crops most affected by the drought, corn and soybeans, disappear from world markets, he noted, the price of all grains, including wheat, is likely to soar, causing immense hardship to those who already have trouble affording enough food to feed their families. The Hunger Games, 2007-2011 What happens next is, of course, impossible to predict, but if the recent past is any guide, it could turn ugly. In 2007-2008, when rice, corn, and wheat experienced prices hikes of 100% or more, sharply higher prices—especially for bread—sparked "food riots" in more than two dozen countries, including Bangladesh, Cameroon, Egypt, Haiti, Indonesia, Senegal, and Yemen. In Haiti, the rioting became so violent and public confidence in the government's ability to address the problem dropped so precipitously that the Haitian Senate voted to oust the country's prime minister, Jacques-Édouard Alexis. In other countries, angry protestors clashed with army and police forces, leaving scores dead. Those price increases of 2007-2008 were largely attributed to the soaring cost of oil, which made food production more expensive. (Oil's use is widespread in farming operations, irrigation, food delivery, and pesticide manufacture.) At the same time, increasing amounts of cropland worldwide were being diverted from food crops to the cultivation of plants used in making biofuels. Price Spikes SolvencyOverfishing increases prices and is detrimental to the poor – only quotas solveHamilton et al 04, Hamilton, Lawrence, et al. “Above and Below the Water: Social/Ecological Transformation in Northwest Newfoundland.” Population and Environment 25.3 (2004): 195. Web. 2 July 2014. CS Overfishing in developing countries only exacerbates the food crisis. As fish become scarce, the prices rise. The people in developing countries are mostly peasants and nearly all of their income already goes to paying for food. If the price rises even just a little bit, they often cannot afford to buy the food. Neoliberalism, which refers to free trade, open markets, and deregulation, does not apply to food. Food cannot function unregulated. The best way to regulate fish would be to put quotas on the amount of fish allowed to be caught. In this way, the governments of developing countries will not need to subsidize the fish prices, which would indubitably cost more than their treasuries can afford. In most cases, the government cannot or will not subsidize and regulate the prices, and riots and protests will increase in these areas. A2: Turn – IFQ increase PricesQuotas don’t affect prices – however shortages caused by overfishing increase prices for the long termHayes 12, Hayes, Jeffrey, Jeffrey J. Hayes, Ph.D. Professor at the University of Rochester. "QUOTAS, OVERFISHING AND DIMINISHING BLUEFIN TUNA STOCKS." Facts and Details. Jeffrey Hayes, Jan. 2012. http://factsanddetails.com/world/cat53/sub340/item2187.html Web. 02 July 2014. CS The cuts and quotas are not expected to affect the supply or price of tuna by that much and many hope they will lead to more responsible fishing. The price of bluefin tuna rose 20 percent in Tokyo in 2007. In many cases sushi restaurants have not been able to pass on the costs to their customers and take a loss whenever their customers eat too much bluefin sushi. High prices have caused household consumption of blue fin tuna to decline 20 percent. In November 2009, there were rumors that there might be shortages of bluefin tuna during the holiday season and that prices for the fish were going to spike. The government issued a statement that the rumors were not true and that suppliers stockpiled an ample supply. At the first bluefin auction of the year at Tsukiji in 2010, there were 20 percent less fish than at the same time a year earlier. One wholesaler told the Yomiuri Shimbun, “Since the first auction of the year, few tuna have been up for auction. Prices are up 20 percent on last year. I hope it’s not a bad sign.” An executive with a fishing organization said, “If catches and stockpiles decrease, and the economy recovers and demand increases, prices will rise.” Directory: wp-content -> uploads -> 2014 2014 -> For want of a nail 2014 -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 2014 -> Ihbb asian Championships 2014 middle school bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> Ihbb european Championships 2014 Bowl Round 4 First Quarter 2014 -> International History Bee and Bowl 2013-14 Asian Division Question Set Bowl Round Six 2014 -> United states patent and trademark office 2014 -> Coffs harbour eisteddfod vocal syllabus 2014 -> Listen News Programs Schedule pledge now 2014 -> Slow club announce third album complete surrender Download 0.57 Mb. Share with your friends:
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