National open university of nigeria school of arts and social sciences



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ENG223 Discourse Analysis


Frame
T:
Today,

We shall be looking at the topic manner of articulation of English consonant
sounds

Focus
T:
Now,

Let us stand up and move to the language laboratory for our drills (focus)

S:
(the students filed out of the class)

Note that frame always precedes focus. A frame indicates the boundary in a lesson, while a focus starts off on what the speakers is about to dob Repetition

T:
Please note that the most important articulator in the production of speech
sound is the tongue.

Again, the most the most important articulator is the tongue.(rep)

I hope you noted that.

S:
Yes sir (chorus answer)

Demonstration
T:
Now, lookup. I want you to see how I will produce the bilabial sound p. (the

teacher pronounced the sound. Can you all repeat after me pi (dem)

S:
(the students repeat the sound

T:
Thank you. Let us move onto the next sound

Contrastive
T:
I told you that when producing a stop sound, there is a total blockage of the air
from the lungs.

In contrast to this, when producing fricatives, , there is a partial blockage of the
air form the lungs and this produces a type of hissing sound (con)

Let’s try to produce the fricative sounds (con)

S:
ssssssssssss.

T:
Thank you, let us move on.




62
Illustrate
T:
We have just talked about manner of articulation. This helps us to describe the
sound produced.
In addition to this, we also want to look at another way we can describe sounds
and that is the place of articulation or the point of articulation. This refers to
those places in our vocal cavity where our articulators contact before sounds
are produced. (Ill)
Bola, stand up and tell me what I have just said. I noticed you were busy
discussing with your friend.

S:
(Bola stood up and could not talk)

T:
You see what I keep telling you While I was busy explaining, she was talking.

Expatiate
T: I earlier said some sounds are produced with a plosion and they are called plosive
sound.
What then is a plosion?
A plosion is a forceful sound. It comes outwith some force, because there is an
obstruction prior to its production.(exp)

Additive
T:
To describe any consonant, your have two ways the place of articulation and the
manner of articulation

S:
In addition to this, we can also describe a consonant using voicing, which is the
vibration or non-vibration of the vocal cord.(add)

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