Personal Research Database

Full Text: 2007\J Env Sci-Chi19, 160.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of lead, cadmium and nicel from aqueous solution by sawdust of walnut was investigated. The effect of contact time, initial metal ion concentration and temperature on metal ions removal has been studied. The equilibrium time was found to be of the order of 60 min. Kinetics fit pseudo first-order, second-order and intraparticle diffusion models, hence adsorption rate constants were calculated. The adsorption data of metal ions at temperatures of 25, 45 and 60°C have been described by the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The thermodynamic parameters such as energy, entropy and enthalpy changes for the adsorption of heavy metal ions have also been computed and discussed. Ion exchange is probably one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding divalent metal ions to the walnut sawdust. The selectivity order of the adsorbent is Pb(II)approximate to Cd(II)> Ni(II). From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of walnut could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions from aqueous solutions.

Keywords: Adsorption, Heavy Metals, Sawdust, Kinetic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Methylene-Blue, Modified Barks, Synthetic Solutions, Kinetics, Ions, Sorption, Decontamination, Equilibrium, Adsorbents, Mechanism

? Guan, X.H., Chen, G.H. and Shang, C. (2007), Adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 19 (3), 312-318.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Sci-Chi19, 312.pdf

Abstract: Sodium pyrophosphate (pyro-P, Na₄P₂O₇), sodium tripolyphosphate (tripoly-P, Na₅P₃O₁₀), and sodium hexametaphosphate (meta-P, (NaPO₃)₆) were selected as the model compounds of condensed phosphate to investigate the adsorption behavior of condensed phosphate on aluminum hydroxide. The adsorption was found to be endothermic and divisible into two stages: (1) fast adsorption within 1 h; and (2) slow adsorption between 1 and 24 h. The modified Freundlich model simulated the fast adsorption stage well; the slow adsorption stage was described well by the first-order kinetics. The activation energies of pyro-P, tripoly-P, and meta-P adsorption on aluminum hydroxide were determined to be 20.2, 22.8 and 10.9 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the fast adsorption stage and to be 66.3, 53.5 and 72.5 kJ/mol P adsorbed, respectively, in the slow adsorption stage. The adsorption increased the negative charge of the aluminum hydroxide surface. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis analyses provided evidence that the adsorption was not uniform on the surface and that the small crystals contributed more to the fast adsorption than the normal sites did. The results from X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy tests also revealed the uneven adsorption of condensed phosphate as a function of the penetration depth. More condensed phosphates were adsorbed on the outer surface of aluminum hydroxide than in its inner parts.

Keywords: Activation, Activation Energy, Adsorption, Aluminum, Aluminum Hydroxide, Condensed Phosphate, Desorption, Eutrophication, First Order, Kinetics, Model, Phosphate, Phosphates, Phosphorus Sorption Capacity, Release, Sodium, Soils, Spectroscopy, Surface Charge, Surfaces, Term

? Zhu, Z.L., Ma, H.M., Zhang, R.H., Ge, Y.X. and Zhao, J.F. (2007), Removal of cadmium using MnO₂ loaded D301 resin. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 19 (6), 652-656.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Sci-Chi19, 652.pdf

Abstract: MnO₂ loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 (Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene) as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd²⁺ could be efficiently removed using MnO₂ loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd²⁺ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Keywords: Cadmium, Kinetics, Adsorption, Loaded Resin, Removal, Heavy-Metal Ions, Aqueous-Solutions, Iron-Oxide, Surface Complexation, Arsenic(V) Removal, Chelating Resin, Adsorption, Water, Pb²⁺, Remediation

? Xin, H.A., Gao, N.Y. and Mang, Q.L. (2007), Thermodynamics and kinetics of cadmium adsorption onto oxidized granular activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 19 (11), 1287-1292.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Sci-Chi19, 1287.pdf

Abstract: Cadmium sorption behavior of granular activated carbon oxidized with nitric acid was systematically studied by sets of the equilibrium and time-based experiments under various conditions. The cadmium adsorption capacity of oxidized granular activated carbon enlarged with an increase in pH, and reduced with an increase in ionic strength. Experimental data were evaluated to find out kinetic characteristics. Adsorption processes were found to follow pseudo-second order rate equation. Adsorption isotherms correlate well with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum sorption capacity of cadmium evaluated is 51.02 mol/g. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated based on Van’t Hoff equation. Equilibrium constant K-d was evaluated from Freundlich isotherm model constants, Langmuir isotherm model constants, and isotherms, respectively. The average change of standard adsorption heat Delta H-0 was -25.29 kJ/mol. Negative proves Delta H-0 and Delta G(0) values indicate the adsorption process for cadmium onto the studied activated carbon is exothermic and spontaneous. The standard entropy Delta S-0 was also negative, which suggests a decrease in the freedom of the system.

Keywords: Acid, Activated Carbon, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Heat, Adsorption Process, Aqueous-Solution, Behavior, Cadmium, Cadmium Adsorption, Capacity, Carbon, Characteristics, Constants, Entropy, Equilibrium, Exothermic, Experiments, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Granular, Granular Activated Carbon, Ionic Strength, Ions, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Isotherms, K-D, Kd, Kinetic, Kinetic Characteristics, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir Isotherm Model, Langmuir-Isotherm, Maximum Sorption, Maximum Sorption Capacity, Model, Nitric Acid, Order, Parameters, pH, Process, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate, Rate Equation, Sorption, Sorption Capacity, Spontaneous, Standard, Strength, Thermodynamics

? Wang, H.L., Fei, Z.H., Chen, J.L., Zhang, Q.X. and Xu, Y.H. (2007), Adsorption thermodynamics and kinetic investigation of aromatic amphoteric compounds onto different polymeric adsorbents. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 19 (11), 1298-1304.

Full Text: 2007\J Env Sci-Chi19, 1298.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption behavior of p-aminobenzoic acid and o-aminobenzoic acid onto the different polymeric adsorbents was systematically investigated as a function of the solution concentration and temperature. Experimental results indicated that the equilibrium adsorption data of the four polymeric adsorbents fitted well in the Freundlich isotherm. The adsorption capacity of multi-functional polymeric adsorbent NJ-99 was the highest, which might be attributed to the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between the amino groups on the resin and the carboxyl group of aminobenzoic acid. The adsorption capacity of o-aminobenzoic acid onto any adsorbent was higher than p-aminobenzoic acid. Thermodynamic studies suggested the exothermic, spontaneous physical adsorption process. Adsorption kinetics results showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and the intraparticle mass transfer process was the rate-controlling step.

Keywords: Acid, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Process, Amino Groups, Aminobenzoic Acid, Amphoteric, Aqueous-Solution, Aromatic, Aromatic Amphoteric Compound, Behavior, Capacity, Carboxyl, Carboxyl Group, Catechol, Concentration, Equilibrium, Equilibrium Adsorption, Exothermic, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Function, Group, Groups, Hydrogen Bonding, Hydrogen-Bonding, Hydrogen-Bonding Interaction, Interaction, Intraparticle, Intraparticle Mass Transfer, Investigation, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Kinetics Model, Macroporous Polymer, Mass, Mass Transfer, Mass-Transfer, Model, P-Aminobenzoic Acid, Phenolic-Compounds, Physical, Physical Adsorption, Polymeric, Polymeric Adsorbent, Polymeric Adsorbents, Process, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Resin, Resins, Resorcinol, Spontaneous, Temperature, Thermodynamics, Transfer

? Qu, J.H. (2008), Research progress of novel adsorption processes in water purification: A review. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 20 (1), 1-13.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Sci-Chi20, 1.pdf

Abstract: As an effective, efficient, and economic approach for water purification, adsorbents and adsorption processes have been widely studied and applied in different aspects for a long time. In the recent years, a lot of novel adsorption processes have been developed for enhancing the efficiency of removing the organic and inorganic contaminants from water. This article reviews some new adsorbents and advanced adsorption methods that specialize in their compositions, structures, functions, and characteristics used in water treatment) The review emphasizes adsorption/catalytic oxidation process, adsorption/catalytic reduction process, adsorption coupled with redox process, biomimetic sorbent and its sorption behaviors of POPs, and modified adsorbents and their water purification efficiency.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Cellulose-Acetate Membranes, Oxidation, Oxide Magnetic Composites, Pd-Cu Catalyst, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Photocatalytic Degradation, Pollutants, Process, Processes, Reduction, Research, Review, Semipermeable-Membrane Devices, Sorbent, Sorption, Synthetic Birnessite, Thermal Regeneration, Titanium-Dioxide, Treatment, Water, Water Purification, Water Treatment

? Akhtar, N., Iqbal, M., Zafar, S.I. and Iqbal, J. (2008), Biosorption characteristics of unicellular green alga Chlorella sorokiniana immobilized in loofa sponge for removal of Cr(III). Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 20 (2), 231-239.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Sci-Chi20, 231.pdf

Abstract: Loofa sponge (LS) immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LSIBCS), isolated from industrial wastewater, was investigated as a new biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from aqueous solution. A comparison of the biosorption of Cr(III) by LSIBCS and free biomass of C sorokiniana (FBCS) from 10-300 mg Cr(III)/L aqueous solutions showed an increase in uptake of 17.79% when the microalgal biomass was immobilized onto loofa sponge. Maximum biosorption capacity for LSIBCS and FBCS was found to be 69.26 and 58.80 mg Cr(III)/g biosorbent, respectively, whereas the amount of Cr(III) ions adsorbed onto naked LS was 4.97 mg/g. The kinetics of Cr(III) biosorption was extremely rapid and equilibrium was established in about 15 and 20 min by LSIBCS and FBCS, respectively. The biosorption equilibrium was well defined by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model. The biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The biosorption was found to be pH dependent and the maximum sorption occurred at the solution pH 4.0. Desorption studies showed that 98% of the adsorbed Cr(III) could be desorbed with 0.1 mol/L HNO₃, while other desorbing agents were less effective in the order: EDTA > H₂SO₄ > CH₃COOH > HCl. The regenerated LSIBCS retained 92.68% of the initial Cr(III) binding capacity up to five cycles of reuse in continuous flow-fixed bed columns. The study revealed that LSIBCS could be used as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Cr(III) from wastewater.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Aqueous Solutions, Aqueous-Solution, Biomass, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Biosorption Kinetics, Cell Immobilization, Chlorella Sorokiniana, Comparison, Cr(III), Desorption, Equilibrium, Fixed Bed Column Reactor, Heavy-Metals, Hexavalent Chromium, Immobilization, Immobilized, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Loofa Sponge, Metal-Ions, pH, Pseudo-Second Order, Removal, Rhizopus-Arrhizus, Saccharomyces-Cerevisiae, Solution, Sorption, Spirulina-Platensis, Waste-Water, Wastewater

? Qu, B.C., Zhou, J.T., Xiang, X.M., Zheng, C.L., Zhao, H.X. and Zhou, X.B. (2008), Adsorption behavior of azo dye CI Acid Red 14 in aqueous solution on surface soils. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 20 (6), 704-709.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Sci-Chi20, 704.pdf

Abstract: Azo dyes have received considerable attention because of their association with various human health problems. The aim of the investigation is to determine the adsorption behavior of azo dyes in aqueous solution on DG06, GSE17200, and GSE17201 soils using C.I. Acid Red 14 (AR 14) as example. The experimental results indicate that the Freundlich model expresses the adsorption isotherm better than the Langmuir model and the pseudo-second-order model achieves adsorption of AR14 on the three soils well. Based on the pseudo-second-order model, the adsorption thermodynamic of AR14 on DG06 soil have been studied and the thermodynamics parameter of Delta G(0) is determined and Delta G(0) value shows the adsorption process of AR14 on DG06 is mainly physical in nature. Furthermore, the effects of temperature, pH and salinity (NaCl) on adsorption have been investigated. The decrease in pH or the increase in salinity enhances the adsorption of AR14 by DG06, GSE17200, and GSE17201.

Keywords: Acid Red 14, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Kinetics, Adsorption Thermodynamics, Aqueous Solution, Association, Azo Dye, Azo Dyes, Azo-Dyes, Behavior, Biosorption, Carbon, CI Acid Red 14 (AR14), Dye, Dyes, Equilibrium, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Model, Health, Human, Investigation, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Model, Nacl, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Model, Reactive Dyes, Removal, Salinity, Sediment, Soil, Soils, Solution, Sorption, Technologies, Temperature, Textile Effluent, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamics, Water

? Punjongharn, P., Meevasana, K. and Pavasant, P. (2008), Influence of particle size and salinity on adsorption of basic dyes by agricultural waste: Dried Seagrape (Caulerpa lentillifera). Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 20 (6), 760-768.

Full Text: 2008\J Env Sci-Chi20, 760.pdf

Abstract: Green macroalga Caulerpa lentillifera was found to have reasonable adsorption capacity for basic dyes, Astrazon (R) Blue FGRL (AB), Astrazon (R) Red GTLN (AR), and Astrazone (R) Golden Yellow GL-E (AY). The initial dye concentration was in the range of 100-1,800 mg/L. The dried algal sorbent was ground and sieved into 3 sizes: S (0.1-0.84 nun), M (0.84-2.0 mm), and L sizes (larger than 2.0 mm). For all conditions examined in this work (at 25°C in batch systems), the adsorption reached equilibrium within the first hour. The kinetic data corresponded well with the pseudo second order kinetic model where the rate constant, k(2), decreased as the sorbent size increased for all dyes. The adsorption isotherms followed both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Among three sorbent sizes, S size gave the highest adsorption capacity followed by M and L sizes. A reduction of sorbent size increased the specific surface area for mass transfer, and also increased the total pore volume, thus providing more active sites for adsorption. The adsorption of AB was adversely influenced by the protonation of algal surface at low pH. On the other hand, the adsorption of AR and AY could be due to weak electrostatic interaction, which was not significantly affected by pH. Increasing salinity of the system caused a decrease in adsorption capacity possibly due to the competition between Na⁺ and the dye cations for the binding sites on algal surface. Moreover, an increase in salinity generated a compressed electrical double layer on the algal surface which exerted repulsive force, retarding the adsorption of positive charged molecules such as the basic dyes.

Keywords: Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherms, Agricultural Waste, Aqueous-Solutions, Basic Dyes, Biosorption, Capacity, Caulerpa Lentillifera, Competition, Decolorization, Dye, Dyes, Equilibrium, First, Force, Freundlich, Interaction, Isotherms, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetics, Kinetics, Langmuir, Malachite-Green, Mass Transfer, Methylene-Blue, Model, Models, Particle Size, pH, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Rate Constant, Reduction, Removal, Salinity, Salt Concentration, Second Order, Second-Order, Size, Sorbent, Sorption, Specific Surface, Surface Area, Textile Dye, Waste, Wastewaters, Water, Work

? Kamari, A., Wan Saime, W.N. and Lai Ken, L. (2009), Chitosan and chemically modified chitosan beads for acid dyes sorption. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 21 (3), 296-302.

Full Text: 2009\J Env Sci-Chi21, 296.pdf

Abstract: The capabilities of chitosan and chitosan-EGDE (ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether) beads for removing Acid Red 37 (AR 37) and Acid Blue 25 (AB 25) from aqueous solution were examined. Chitosan beads were cross-linked with EGDE to enhance its chemical resistance and mechanical strength. Experiments were performed as a function of pH, agitation period and concentration of AR 37 and AB 25. It was shown that the adsorption capacities of chitosan for both acid dyes were comparatively higher than those of chitosan-EGDE. This is mainly because cross-linking using EGDE reduces the major adsorption sites -NH³⁺ on chitosan. Langmuir isotherm model showed the best conformity compared to Freundlich and BET. The kinetic experimental data agreed very well to the pseudo second-order kinetic model. The desorption study revealed that after three cycles of adsorption and desorption by NaOH and HCl, both adsorbents retained their promising adsorption abilities. FT-IR analysis proved that the adsorption of acid dyes onto chitosan-based adsorbents was a physical adsorption. Results also showed that chitosan and chitosan-EGDE beads were favourable adsorbers and could be employed as low-cost alternatives for the removal of acid dyes in wastewater treatment.

Keywords: Acid Dyes, Adsorption, Adsorption Behavior, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Isotherm, Adsorption Rates, Aqueous-Solution, Chitosan, Coir Pith, Congo Red, Cross-Linked Chitosan, Cross-Linking, Desorption, Isotherm, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Methylene-Blue, Reactive Dye, Removal, Waste-Water

? Cai, J.X., Cui, L.Z., Wang, Y.X. and Liu, C.F. (2009), Effect of functional groups on sludge for biosorption of reactive dyes. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 21 (4), 534-538.

Full Text: 2009\J Env Sci-Chi21, 534.pdf

Abstract: The sludge, which was collected from a biological coke wastewater treatment plant, was used as a low-cost adsorbent in the removal of reactive dyes (Methylene Blue (MB) and Reactive Red 4 (RR4)) from aqueous solution. The pH of dye solution played an important role on the dye uptake. With the solution pH increase, the MB uptake increased; whereas the RR4 uptake decreased. The maximum uptake of RR4 by protonated. sludge was 73.7 mg/g at pH 1, and the maximum uptake of MB by sludge was 235.3 mg/g at pH 9. Three functional groups, including carboxyl, phosphonate, and amine group, were identified by potentiometric titration, fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The anionic functional groups, phosphonate and carboxyl group, were identified as the binding sites for the cationic MB. Amine groups were identified to bind RR4. The main mechanism of the reactive dyestuffs adsorption is electrostatic interaction.

Keywords: Sludge, Reactive Dyes, Mechanism, Low-Cost Adsorbents, Aqueous-Solution, Activated Carbons, Textile Dyes, Basic-Dyes, Removal, Adsorption, Biomass, Decolorization, Effluent

? Zhang, G.Z., Hu, H., Sun, W.L. and Ni, J.R. (2009), Sorption of Triton X-100 on soil organic matter fractions: Kinetics and isotherms. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 21 (6), 795-800.

Full Text: 2009\J Env Sci-Chi21, 795.pdf

Abstract: Kinetics and isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil, base-extracted soil (BE), humic acid (HA) and humin (HM) were investigated respectively to get better understanding on characteristics of the surfactant sorption onto different soil organic matters (SOMs). It was demonstrated that the kinetics results could be satisfactorily described by the pseudo-second order model. The half of the time to reach equilibrium (t(1/2)) for different sorbents followed the sequence of soil > HA > BE > HM. Furthermore, the calculated equilibrium sorption capacity (C-eq) was found in the sequence of HA > BE > HM > soil, which agreed well with the experimental results. The isotherms of Triton X-100 sorption on soil and HA could be well described by the S-type isotherm, but BE and HM by the L-type. The isotherms of all the four sorbents were found reasonably fitted to the Langmuir equation. The K-d value, defined as the ratio of Triton X-100 in sorbent and in the equilibrium solution for given concentrations, generally followed the order of HM > HA > soil > BE. Separated HM and HA showed high affinity for Triton X-100, but the HA and HM in soil and BE were tightly bounded by the minerals. Thus, the RA on the soil surface might dominate the sorption, whereas the bounded HM would play a key role upon the surfactants being penetrated inside the soil.

Keywords: Adsorption, Behavior, Clays, Enhanced Remediation, Environment, Fate, Humin, Isotherms, Kinetics, Nonionic Surfactant, Nonionic Surfactants, Phenanthrene, Soil Organic Matters, Sorption, Sulfonate, Triton X-100

? Anirudhan, T.S. and Suchithra, P.S. (2009), Adsorption characteristics of humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite for cationic dyes in aqueous solutions. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 21 (7), 884-891.

Full Text: 2009\J Env Sci-Chi21, 884.pdf

Abstract: Humic acid-immobilized amine modified polyacrylamide/bentonite composite (HA-Am-PAA-B) was prepared and used as an adsorbent for the adsorption of cationic dyes (Malachite Green (MG), Methylene Blue (NIB) and Crystal Violet (CV)) from aqueous solutions. The polyacrylamide/bentonite composite (PAA-B) was prepared by intercalative polymerization of acrylamide with Nabentonite in the presence of N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent and hexamethylenediammine as propagater. PAA-B was subsequently treated with ethylenediammine to increase its loading capacity for HA. The surface characterizations of the adsorbent were investigated. The adsorbent behaved like a cation exchanger and more than 99.0% removal of dyes was detected at pH range 6.0-8.0. The capacity of HA-Am-PAA-B was found to decrease in the following order: MG > MB > CV. The kinetic and isotherm data were interpreted by pseudo-second order rate equation and Freundlich isotherm model, respectively. Experiments were carried out using binary solute systems to assess the competitive adsorption phenomenon. The experimental isotherm data for each binary solute combination of MG, MB and CV were analyzed using Sheindrof-Rebhun-Sheintuch (SRS) (multicomponent Freundlich type) equation.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Aqueous Solutions, Behavior, Bentonite, Capacity, Cation, Cation Exchanger, Cationic Dyes, Characteristics, Characterizations, Competitive, Competitive Adsorption, Composite, Crosslinking, Data, Dye Adsorption, Dyes, Experimental, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Freundlich Isotherm Model, Humic Acid, Isotherm, Isotherm Model, Kinetic, Loading, Malachite Green, MB, Methylene Blue, Mg, Model, Modified, pH, Polymer, Clay Composite, Polymerization, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo-Second Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Regeneration, Removal, Removal of Dyes, Solutions, Sorption, Surface, Systems

? Wang, H.J., Kang, J., Liu, H.J. and Qu, J.H. (2009), Preparation of organically functionalized silica gel as adsorbent for copper ion adsorption. Journal of Environmental Sciences-China,