Personal Research Database

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat98, 211.pdf

Abstract: An attempt to alleviate the problem caused by the presence of reactive dyes in textile effluents was undertaken. Since alunite is a very abundant and inexpensive, we decided to experiment with it as a potential adsorbent for a certain type of the supracited pollutants used in cellulose fibers dyeing. The adsorption of Reactive Blue 114 (RB114), Reactive Yellow 64 (RY64) and Reactive Red 124 (RR124) by calcined alunite was studied by varying parameters such as the calcination temperature and time, particle size, pH, agitation time and dye concentration. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of RB114 and alkaline pH was favorable to both RY64 and RR124. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption capacities were found to be 170.7, 236 and 153 mg dye per gram of calcined alunite for RB114, RY64 and RR124, respectively. The pseudo first- and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data, and the rate constants were evaluated. The experimental data were fitted by the second-order kinetic model, which indicates that chemicalsorption is the rate limiting step, inside of mass transfer.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacities, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Kinetics, Agitation, Aqueous Solutions, Calcination, Calcined, Calcined Alunite, Cellulose, Concentration, Data, Dye, Dyes, Effluents, Equilibrium, Experiment, Experimental, Fibers, First, Isotherm, Kinetic, Kinetic Model, Kinetic Models, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Mass Transfer, Model, Models, Particle Size, pH, Pollutants, Potential, Rate Constants, Rate Limiting Step, Reactive Dye, Reactive Dyes, Second Order, Second-Order, Size, Solutions, Temperature, Textile Effluents

? Mangialardi, T. (2003), Disposal of MSWI fly ash through a combined washing-immobilisation process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 98 (1-3), 225-240.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat98, 225.pdf

Abstract: The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of a combined washing-immobilisation process as a means of optimising the disposal of fly ash resulting from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in cementitious matrices. Two different types of Italian MSWI fly ash and an ordinary Portland cement (ASTM Type I) were used. Washing pre-treatment of fly ash with water always produces a wastewater that can be successfully treated by reducing the pH to values of 6.5-7.5. This treatment is capable of removing the detected contaminants (Al, Cd, Pb, Zn) through two different mechanisms: precipitation of aluminium hydroxide and adsorption of cadmium, lead and zinc ions onto floc particles of Al(OH)₃. Setting and leaching tests on cementitious mixes prove that the hazardous sludge produced from wastewater treatment can be completely mixed with washed fly ash and this mixture can be incorporated into cementitious matrices to a great extent (75 wt.% of total solid) without the risks of an unacceptable delay of cement setting and an excessive heavy metals leachability from solidified products. The better performance of the combined washing-immobilisation process as compared to the immobilisation process of unwashed fly ash may be ascribed primarily to the ability of the washing step in promoting the formation of hydrate phases that incorporate and/or convert heavy metal compounds into less reactive forms and, secondarily, to its ability of removing significant amounts of alkali chlorides and sulphates from fly ash. As a result, MSWI fly ash is transformed into a material that adversely affects cement hydration to a much lower extent than unwashed fly ash. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights.

Keywords: Ability, Adsorption, Aluminium, Ascribed, Cadmium, Cd, Cement, Disposal, Feasibility, Fly Ash, FTIR, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Heavy Metals Removal, Heavy-Metal, Hydration, Immobilisation, Incineration, Ions, Leaching, Leaching Tests, Lead, Metal, Metals, Mixed, MSWI Fly Ash, Municipal Solid Waste, Pb, Performance, pH, Portland Cement, Portland-Cement, Pre-Treatment, Precipitation, Pretreatment, Process, Rights, Sludge, Solid Waste, Solidification, Stabilisation Process, Treatment, Values, Washing, Washing Pre-Treatment, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment, Water, Work, Zinc, Zn

Namasivayam, C. and Kavitha, D. (2003), Adsorptive removal of 2-chlorophenol by low-cost coir pith carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 98 (1-3), 257-274.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat98, 257.pdf

Abstract: Adsorption of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) by coir pith carbon was carried out by varying the parameters such as agitation time, 2-CP concentration, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature. Adsorption equilibrium reached at 40, 60, 80 and 100 min for 2-CP concentration of 10, 20, 30 and 40 mg/l, respectively. Adsorption followed second-order kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Freundlich isotherm. Acidic pH was favorable for the adsorption of 2-CP. Desorption studies showed that chemisorption plays a major role in the adsorption process.

Keywords: 2-Chlorophenol, Adsorption, Coir Pith Carbon, Isotherms; pH Effect, Desorption Studies

? Swamy, B.K.K. and Siddaramaiah. (2003), Sorption and diffusion of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon penetrants into diol chain extended polyurethane membranes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99 (2), 177-190.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat99, 177.pdf

Abstract: Sorption and diffusion of a number of chlorinated alkanes through a diol chain extended polyurethane (PU) membranes have been investigated at 25, 40 and 60°C, based on an immersion weight gain method. From the sorption result, the diffusion (D) and permeation (P) coefficients of halogenated hydrocarbon penetrants have been calculated. Molecular transport data depends on membrane-solvent interactions, size of the penetrants, temperature and also morphology of the chain extended PUs. The temperature dependence of the transport coefficient has been used to estimate the activation parameters for the process of diffusion (E-D) and permeation (E-p) from the Arrhenius plots. Furthermore, the sorption results have been interpreted interms of the thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpy and entropy. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Activation, Blends, Butadiene Rubber, Chain Extended Pu, Chlorinated Penetrants, Dependence, Diffusion, Interactions, Morphology, Natural-Rubber, Neoprene, Organic Liquids, Permeation, Polymer Membranes, Polyurethane, Process, Pu, Rights, Sorption, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Parameters, Transport, Transport Data

? Williams, P.A. and Rayson, G.D. (2003), Simultaneous multi-element detection of metal ions bound to a Datura innoxia material. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99 (3), 277-285.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat99, 277.pdf

Abstract: An on-line detection scheme has been developed for the determination of metal ion affinities for binding to a plant-based substrate. This involves monitoring the effluent of a column packed with cell-wall fragments from the plant Datura innoxia for 27 different elements simultaneously by coupling the column to an ICP emission spectrometer. Previously accepted procedures for removing native metal ions from biological materials by washing the material with a pH 2 solution were found to be insufficient for this material. Measurable amounts of Na, Mg, Al, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ba, Sr, and Si were all detected in an effluent from the introduction of 1.0 M HCl following washing the material in a pH 2 solution. Metal ion breakthrough curves for Cd²⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Pb²⁺ were found to exhibit an affinity order of Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ much greater than Zn²⁺ congruent to Cd²⁺ > Ni²⁺ for an equimolar mixture of these metal ions. This configuration also enabled the displacement of metal ions to be detected as the breakthrough curve for a subsequent metal ion was monitored. Comparison of Ni and Zn binding indicates a simple ion exchange model is insufficient to explain sequential binding of these metal ions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Affinity Chromatography, Affinity-Chromatography, Binding, Biomass, Biomaterial, Biosorbent, Biosorption, Breakthrough Curve, Breakthrough Curves, Cadmium, Cd, Cd²⁺, Column, Comparison, Cu²⁺, D. innoxia, Displacement, Effluent, Eu(III), Exchange, Impact, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ions, Metal, Metal Binding, Metal Ion, Metal Ion Removal, Metal Ions, Models, Monitoring, Ni²⁺, Pb, Pb²⁺, pH, Rights, Washing, Zn

? Kaušpėdienė, D., Snukiškis, J. and Gefeniene, A. (2003), Kinetic behaviour of Duolite ES 468 in the cosorption of non-ionic surfactant and copper(II). Journal of Hazardous Materials, 99 (3), 313-319.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat99, 313.pdf

Abstract: Kinetic behaviour of the hydrogen form of Duolite ES 468 polyacrylic acid-functionalised cation exchanger with respect to the sorption of non-ionic surfactant alkylmonoethers (ALM-10) and copper(II) has been investigated; kinetic curves have been obtained, using spectrophotometric determination for ALM-10 and complexometric one for copper(II). Kinetic coefficient (B), intraparticle diffusion coefficient (D; m² s^-1) and overall rate constant (k₀; s^-1) for non-ionic surfactant and copper(II) depend on the solution composition, pH and the maximum sorption at the equilibrium. On increasing the solution acidity from pH 5 to pH 3 a decrease in both D and the equilibrium sorption for copper(II) although an increase in D for ALM-10 is observed. The action of copper(II) results in an increase in both D for ALM-10 and the maximum sorption at the equilibrium, whereas the action of ALM-10 leads to a decrease in the corresponding parameters for copper(II). Hydrogen form of Duolite ES 468 polyacrylic acid-functionalised cation exchanger is suitable for the simultaneous removal of non-ionic surfactant and copper(II) from waste water. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acidity, Behaviour, Composition, Copper(II), Cosorption, Diffusion, Diffusion Coefficient, Equilibrium, Heavy Metal(II), Intraparticle Diffusion, Kinetic, Non-Ionic Surfactant, pH, Polyacrylic Acid-Functionalised Cation Exchanger, Removal, Rights, Sorption, Surfactant, Waste Water, Water

Yu, L.J., Shukla, S.S., Dorris, K.L., Shukla, A. and Margrave, J.L. (2003), Adsorption of chromium from aqueous solutions by maple sawdust. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 53-63.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat100, 53.pdf

Abstract: This paper presents the data for the effect of adsorbent dose, initial sorbate concentration, contact time, and pH on the adsorption of chromium(VI) on maple sawdust. Batch adsorption studies have been carried out. An empirical relationship has been obtained to predict the percentage chromium(VI) removal at any time for known values of sorbent and initial sorbate concentration. Under observed test conditions, the equilibrium adsorption data fits the linear Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The experimental result inferred that chelation ion exchange is one of the major adsorption mechanisms for binding metal ions to the maple sawdust. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier Science B.V

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Chromium, Heavy Metals, Maple Sawdust, Removal, Sawdust, Sorption, Wastewater

Pedersen, A.J., Ottosen, L.M. and Villumsen, A. (2003), Electrodialytic removal of heavy metals from different fly ashes: Influence of heavy metal speciation in the ashes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 65-78.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat100, 65.pdf

Abstract: Electrodialytic remediation, an electrochemically assisted extraction method, has recently been suggested as a potential method for removal of heavy metals from fly ashes. In this work, electrodialytic remediation of three different fly ashes, i.e. two municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ashes and one wood combustion fly ash was studied in lab scale, and the results were discussed in relation to the expected heavy metal speciation in the ashes. The pH-dependent desorption characteristics for Cr differed between the two MSWI ashes but were similar for Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu. Thus, it was expected that the speciation of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu was similar in the two ashes. However, in succeeding electrodialytic remediation experiments significant differences in removal efficiencies were observed, especially for Pb and Zn. In analogous electrodialytic remediation experiments, 8% Pb and 73% Zn was removed from one of the MSWI ashes, but only 2.5% Pb and 24% Zn from the other. These differences are probably due to variations in pH and heavy metal speciation between the different ashes. Cd, the sole heavy metal of environmental concern in the wood ash, was found more tightly bonded in this ash than in the two MSWI ashes. Approximately 70% Cd was removed from both types of ashes during 3 weeks of electrodialytic remediation, although the total concentration was a factor of 10 lower in the wood ash. It was suggested that complex Cd-silicates are likely phases in the wood ash whereas more soluble, condensed phases are dominating in the MSWI ashes. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Cd, Electrodialytic Remediation, Extraction, Fly Ash, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metals, Heavy-Metal, Incineration, Metals, Remediation, Speciation, Waste, Wood

Özacar, M. and Şengil, İ.A. (2003), Enhancing phosphate removal from wastewater by using polyelectrolytes and clay injection. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 131-146.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat100, 131.pdf

Abstract: Aluminum sulfate, alum, is a common chemical coagulant used for coagulation. Recently, polymers have been utilized in coagulation/flocculation processes for water purification. In this study, the ability of two organic polymers, tannin (natural polyelectrolyte) and AN913 (synthetic anionic polyelectrolyte), and clay to act as coagulant aids was tested, in the removal of phosphate from synthetic wastewater. Contaminants in synthetic waters were coagulated using alum, alum + clay, alum + tannin, alum + AN913, alum + tannin + clay and alum + AN913 + clay. Alum together with polymers as coagulant aids yielded a significant improvement in phosphate removal compared with alum alone, for initial phosphate concentrations of 5-15 mg/l PO₄^3-. The use of clay and polyelectrolytes improved the efficiency of phosphate removal and lowered the required alum dose. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for the identification and characterization of the aluminum species formed during dephosphorization of the synthetic wastewater with and without tannin, AN913 and clay. Evidence from FTIR spectroscopy showed the formation of aluminum hydroxyphosphate, hydroxy-Al-tannate and aluminum complexes containing phosphorus, tannin and AN913. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Tannins, Polyelectrolytes, Coagulation, Phosphate Removal, Chemical Precipitation, Spectrophotometric Determination, Phosphorus Removal, Fly-Ash, Aluminum, Adsorption, Tannins, Samples

? Ge, J.T. and Qu, J.H. (2003), Degradation of azo dye acid red B on manganese dioxide in the absence and presence of ultrasonic irradiation. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 197-207.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat100, 197.pdf

Abstract: Degradation of azo dye acid red B (ARB) on MnO2 in the absence and presence of ultrasonic irradiation (sonication) has been investigated. The effect of initial pH, anions (Cl^-, NO₃^-, SO₄^2-), and saturated gas (argon/oxygen) has been studied. The experimental results show that decolorization of the dye on MnO₂ is highly pH dependent, with increasing decolorization efficiencies at decreasing pH values. The SO₄^2- and NO₃^- ions are observed to suppress the adsorption of ARB on MnO₂ dramatically, suggesting competitive nature with the dye. Sonication accelerates decolorization and mineralization of the dye. and oxygen used as saturated gas is more favorable for mineralization of the dye than argon. The average particle diameter of MnO₂ decreases from 47.5 to 3.19 m after sonication. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Acid Red B, Adsorption, Aqueous-Solution, Azo Dye, Decolorization, Decomposition, Degradation, Dissolution, Dye, Ions, Manganese, Manganese Dioxide, Mineralization, Oxides, pH, Photocatalytic Oxidation, Presence, Rights, Sonochemical Degradation, Sonochemistry, Sonolysis, Substituted Phenols, Technology, Values, Water

? Zhou, W.J., Zhu, K., Zhan, H.Y., Jiang, M. and Chen, H. (2003), Sorption behaviors of aromatic anions on loess soil modified with cationic surfactant. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 209-218.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat100, 209.pdf

Abstract: Modification of soils with hydrophobic cationic surfactants is an effective approach for enhancing the sorptive capabilities of soil in the vadose zone for the purpose of retaining organic contaminants prior to cleanup. The objective of this study was to examine the sorptive behavior of the cationic surfactant-modified loess soil for aromatic anions in the aqueous phase in an attempt to define the sorptive mechanisms. Some dominant factors governing the sorption, such as ionic strength and divalent heavy metal cation, were investigated. The sorption isotherms of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) and benzoic acid (BA) in the modified soil samples were obtained using the batch equilibration method. Under the laboratory conditions, the modified loess soil utilized in this study was prepared by replacing the cations of loess soil with a cationic surfactant-hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA) bromide. The acidic aromatic compounds, DNP and BA existing as aromatic anions in the natural mixture of loess soil and aqueous phase, were selected as indicator compounds to measured the sorption behaviors of aromatic anions on the HDTMA-modified loess soil. The results confirmed that the sorptive capabilities of aromatic anions in loess soil were greatly enhanced by modification with HDTMA. The increase of ionic strength and the addition of divalent heavy metal cation Zn²⁺ significantly increased the sorption of aromatic anions on the HDTMA-modified loess soil. In binary solute systems, the sorbed amounts either of DNP or BA on the HDTMA-modified loess soil were reduced if two compounds existed simultaneously in the soil. This results indicated that competitive adsorption between the two aromatic anions occurred in soil matrix. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acids, Adsorption, Aqueous Phase, Aromatic, Aromatic Anions, Behavior, Benzoic Acid, Cationic Surfactant, Clay, Competitive Sorption, Contaminants, HDTMA, Heavy Metal, Indicator, Ionic Strength, Isotherms, Loess Soil, Matter, Mechanisms, Modification, Modified, Natural, Organic, Organic Contaminants, Soil, Soils, Sorbed, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption Isotherms, Surfactant, Surfactants, Water

Özer, A. and Özer, D. (2003), Comparative study of the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions onto S. cerevisiae: Determination of biosorption heats. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 219-229.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat100, 219.pdf

Abstract: In this study, the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions onto inactive Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated as a function of initial pH, initial metal ion concentration and temperature. The Langmuir model was applied to experimental equilibrium data of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) biosorption depending on temperature and the maximum metal ions uptake at optimum biosorption temperature of 25°C, were found to be 270.3, 46.3 and 32.6 mg g^-1, respectively. Using the Langmuir constant, b values obtained at different temperatures, the biosorption heats of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) were determined as -1.125, -1.912 and -2.89 kcal mol^-1, respectively. The results indicated that the biosorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cr(VI) ions to S. cerevisiae is by the physical adsorption and has an exothermic nature. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Biosorption, Biosorption Heat, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, Langmuir Isotherm, Industrial-Waste Water, Cladophora-Crispata, Chlorella-Vulgaris, Rhizopus-arrhizus, Aqueous-Solutions, Cadmium Removal, Batch System, Equilibrium, Chromium(VI), Adsorption

? Gode, F. and Pehlivan, E. (2003), A comparative study of two chelating ion-exchange resins for the removal of Chromium(III) from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 231-243.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat100, 231.pdf

Abstract: Macroporous resins containing iminodiacetic acid (IDA) groups (Lewatit TP 207 and Chelex-100) were investigated as a function of concentration, temperature and pH for their sorption properties towards Chromium(III). The Chromium(III) ions sorbed onto the resin and in the equilibrium concentration were determined by inductively coupled plasma spectrophotometer. The maximum sorption for chromium ions was observed at pH 4.5. Solution pH had a strong effect on the equilibrium constant of Cr(III). The equilibrium constants were 320 and 7 at pH value 4.5 for Lewatit TP 207 and Chelex-100 resin, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm was used to describe observed sorption phenomena. Both the sorbents had high bonding constants with Lewatit TP 207 showing stronger binding. The equilibrium related to adsorption capacity and energy of adsorption was obtained by using plots of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity of 0.288 mmol of Cr(III)/g for Chelex-100 and 0.341 mmol of Cr(III)/g for Lewatit TP 207 was achieved at pH of 4.5. The rise in temperature caused a slight increase in the value of the equilibrium constant (K,) for the sorption of chromium(RI) ion. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Achieved, Acid, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Isotherm, Aqueous Solution, Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry, Capacity, Chelating Resin, Chromium, Chromium(III), Comparative, Cr(III), Equilibrium, Function, Heavy-Metals, Inductively-Coupled Plasma, Ion Exchange, Ion Exchange Resins, Ion-Exchange, Ions, Isotherm, Langmuir, Langmuir Isotherm, Langmuir’s Model, pH, Preconcentration, Removal, Resin, Resins, Rights, Solution pH, Sorbents, Sorption, Sorption, Sorption Properties, Speciation, Spectrophotometer, Temperature, Thermodynamics, Waste-Water

? Bogan, B.W. and Trbovic, V. (2003), Effect of sequestration on PAH degradability with Fenton’s reagent: roles of total organic carbon, humin, and soil porosity. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 100 (1-3), 285-300.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat100, 285.pdf

Abstract: The phenomenon of contaminant sequestration-and the physicochemical soil parameters which drive this process-has recently been studied by several authors with regard to microbial contaminant degradation. Very little work has been done to determine the effects of contaminant sequestration on the chemical treatability (oxidizability) of soil contaminants; the current study was conducted to address this data gap. A suite of six model soils, ranging in organic matter content from 2.32 to 24.28%, were extensively characterized. Measured parameters included: (1) levels of total organic carbon (TOC); (2) contents of humic acid (HA); fulvic acid (FA) and humin; and (3) total porosity and surface area. Each soil was then spiked with coal tar and, after varying periods of aging/sequestration, subjected to slurry-phase Fenton’s reagent oxidation. Percent recoveries of 12 PAHs, ranging from 3 to 6 aromatic rings, were determined. Results indicated that the susceptibility of each PAH to chemical oxidation was a function of TOC in four of the soils (those with TOC greater than approximately 5%), but was strongly dependent on soil porosity for low-TOC soils. The importance of these two parameters changed with increasing sequestration time, with the relative contribution of porosity-mediated sequestration becoming more important over time. Porosity-mediated effects were more rapid and significant with lower-molecular-weight PAHs (e.g. those with three or four aromatic rings) than with higher-molecular-weight, more hydrophobic compounds. These observations are discussed in light of current physicochemical models of the contaminant sequestration process. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Acid, Bioavailability, Carbon, Catalyzed Hydrogen-Peroxide, Chemical Oxidation, Contaminant Sequestration, Contaminated Soils, Degradation, Distributed Reactivity Model, Fa, Fenton’s Reagent, Fulvic Acid, Function, Humic Acid, Humin, Hydrogen Peroxide, Hydrophobic, Models, Organic Matter, Oxidation, PAH, PAHs, Phase, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons, Porosity, Process, Rights, Roles, Sediments, Sequestration, Soil, Soil Organic Matter, Soil Remediation, Sorption, Surface, Susceptibility, TOC, Work

? Jain, A.K., Gupta, V.K., Bhatnagar, A. and Suhas. (2003), Utilization of industrial waste products as adsorbents for the removal of dyes. Journal of Hazardous Materials,