Personal Research Database

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat103, 141.pdf

Abstract: Merck carbon (1.5 mm) was treated in three ways: heating from ambient temperature to 900 °C in SO₂; treatment at ambient temperature in SO₂; or successive treatments in SO₂ and H₂S at ambient temperature. All samples were then characterised and tested as adsorbents of Cd²⁺ from aqueous solution. The characterisation was in terms of composition by effecting ultimate and proximate analyses and also of textural properties by N₂ adsorption at –196 °C. Kinetics and extent of the adsorption process of Cd²⁺ were studied at 25 and 45 °C at pH of the Cd²⁺ solution (i.e., 6.2) and at 25 °C also at pH 2.0. The various treatments of the starting carbon had no significant effect on the kinetics of the adsorption of Cd²⁺, but increased its adsorption capacity. The most effective treatment was heating to 900 °C, the adsorption in this case being 70.3% more than that of the starting carbon. The adsorption increased at 45 °C but decreased at pH 2.0 when compared to adsorption at 25 °C and pH 6.2, respectively.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Sulphurisation, Cadmium, Adsorption

? Baek, K., Yang, J.S. and Yang, J.W. (2003), Immobilization behavior of methyl tert-butyl ether by cyclodextrins. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 105 (1-3), 169-177.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat105, 169.pdf

Abstract: The immobilization behavior of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) by various cyclodextrins (CDs) was studied. Although it has a low hydrophobic character and high polarity compared to other organics, MTBE was effectively immobilized by CDs. The immobilization isotherm was a type of Freundlich isotherm. The immobilization capacity of beta-CDs was the largest of the natural CDs. The initial apparent association constant for MTBE-CD complex follows the order: gamma = beta > methyl-beta > hydroxypropyl beta > alpha. The difference in these constants is related to the size of MTBE and CDs. The size of beta- and gamma-CD is large enough to encapsulate MTBE molecule into the cavity, which that of alpha-CD is too small to encapsulate MTBE. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Adsorption, Behavior, Beta-Cyclodextrin, Capacity, Cyclodextrin, Derivatives, Difference, Freundlich, Freundlich Isotherm, Hydrophobic, Immobilization, Inclusion, Inclusion, Isotherm, MTBE, Natural, Organics, Removal, Rights, Sensitive Method, Solid-Phase Microextraction, Solubilization, Water

? Lee, K., Choi, H.S., Kim, J.Y. and Alm, I.S. (2003), Distribution of phenanthrene between soil and an aqueous phase in the presence of anionic micelle-like amphiphilic polyurethane particles. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 105 (1-3), 179-197.

Full Text: 2003\J Haz Mat105, 179.pdf

Abstract: Sorption of micelle-like amphiphilic polyurethane (APU) particles to soil was studied and compared to that of a model anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Three types of APU particles with different hydrophobicity were synthesized from urethane acrylate anionomers (UAA) and used in this study. Due to the chemically cross-linked structure, APU exhibited less sorption to the soil than SDS and a greater reduction in the sorption of phenanthrene, a model soil contaminant, to the soil was observed in the presence of APU than SDS even though the solubility of phenanthrene was higher in the presence of SDS than APU. A mathematical model was developed to describe the phenanthrene distribution between soil and an aqueous phase containing APU particles. The sorption of phenanthrene to the test soil could be well described by Linear isotherm. APU sorption to the soil was successfully described by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The partition of phenanthrene between water and APU were successfully explained with a single partition coefficient. The model, which accounts for the limited solubilization of phenanthrene in sorbed APU particles, successfully described the experimental data for the distribution of phenanthrene between the soil and the aqueous phase in the presence of APU. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Amphiphilic, Anionic Surfactant, Cross-Linked, Crosslinked, Desorption, Distribution, Freundlich, Hydrophobicity, Isotherm, Isotherms, Langmuir, Mathematical Model, Micelle, Nonionic Surfactant, Organic-Compounds, Partition, Phenanthrene, Pollutants, Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons, Polyurethane, Presence, Reduction, Rights, SDS, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, Soil, Solubility Enhancement, Solubilization, Sorption, Sorption, Structure, Subsurface Remediation, Sulfate, Surfactant, Test, Water

Ong, S.A., Lim, P.E. and Seng, C.E. (2003), Effects of adsorbents and copper(II) on activated sludge microorganisms and sequencing batch reactor treatment process. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 103 (3), 263-277.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat103, 263.pdf

Abstract: Wastewater treatment systems employing simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation processes have proven to be effective in treating toxic pollutants present in industrial wastewater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of Cu(II) and the efficacy of the powdered activated carbon (PAC) and activated rice husk (ARH) in reducing the toxic effect of Cu(II) on the activated sludge microorganisms. The ARH was prepared by treatment with concentrated nitric acid for 15 h at 60–65°C. The sequencing batch reactor (SBR) systems were operated with FILL, REACT, SETTLE, DRAW and IDLE modes in the ratio of 0.5: 3.5: 1: 0.75: 0.25 for a cycle time of 6 h. The Cu(II) and COD removal efficiency were 90 and 85%, respectively, in the SBR system containing 10 mg/l Cu(II) with the addition of 143 mg/l PAC or 1.0 g PAC per cycle. In the case of 715 mg/l ARH or 5.0 g ARH per cycle addition, the Cu(II) and COD removal efficiency were 85 and 92%, respectively. ARH can be used as an alternate adsorbent to PAC in the simultaneous adsorption and biodegradation wastewater treatment process for the removal of Cu(II). The specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) and kinetic studies show that the addition of PAC and ARH reduce the toxic effect of Cu(II) on the activated sludge microorganisms.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activated Sludge, Adsorbent, Adsorbents, Adsorption, Batch, Batch Reactor, Biodegradation, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Carbon, COD, COD Removal, Copper(II), Cu(II), Efficacy, Efficiency, Extracellular Polymers, Heavy-Metals, Industrial, Industrial Wastewater, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, Microorganisms, Objective, Oxygen, Oxygen Uptake, Oxygen Uptake Rate, Pac, Pollutants, Powdered Activated Carbon, Process, Removal, Removal Efficiency, Rice, Rice Husk, Rice-Husk, Rights, SBR, Sequencing, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Simultaneous Adsorption and Biodegradation, Sludge, Sour, Stability-Constants, Systems, Time, Toxic, Toxic Pollutants, Treatment, Uptake, Waste-Water, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

Notes: highly cited

Taty-Costodes, V.C., Fauduet, H., Porte, C. and Delacroix, A. (2003), Removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II) ions, from aqueous solutions, by adsorption onto sawdust of Pinus sylvestris. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 105 (1-3), 121-142.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat105, 121.pdf

Abstract: Fixation of heavy metal ions (Cd(II) and Pb(II)) onto sawdust of Pinus sylvestris is presented in this paper. Batch experiments were conducted to study the main parameters such as adsorbent concentration, initial adsorbate concentration, contact time, kinetic, pH solution, and stirring velocity on the sorption of Cd(II) and Pb(II) by sawdust of P. sylvestris. Kinetic aspects are studied in order to develop a model which can describe the process of adsorption on sawdust. The equilibrium of a solution between liquid and solid phases is described by Langmuir model. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that the process is controlled by a porous diffusion with ion-exchange. The capacity of the metal ions to bind onto the biomass was 96% for Cd(II), and 98% for Pb(II). The sorption followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption of these heavy metals ions increased with the pH and reached a maximum at a 5.5 value. From these results, it can be concluded that the sawdust of P. sylvestris could be a good adsorbent for the metal ions coming from aqueous solutions. Moreover, this material could also be used for purification of water before rejection into the natural environment.

Keywords: Adsorbent, Adsorption, Analysis, Aqueous Solutions, Biomass, Cadmium, Capacity, Cd(II), Concentration, Diffusion, Energy, Environment, Equilibrium, Experiments, Heavy Metal, Heavy Metal Ions, Heavy Metals, Ion Exchange, Ion-Exchange, Ionexchange, Kinetic, Kinetics, Langmuir, Langmuir Model, Lead, Metal, Metal Ions, Metals, Model, P, Pb(II), Pb(II) Ions, pH, Pinus Sylvestris, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second Order Kinetics, Pseudo-Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order Kinetics, Purification, Rejection, Removal, Sawdust, SEM, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Spectroscopy, Value, Water, X-Ray, XPS

Abburi, K. (2003), Adsorption of phenol and p-chlorophenol from their single and bisolute aqueous solutions on Amberlite XAD-16 resin. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 105 (1-3), 143-156.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat105, 143.pdf

Abstract: Removal of phenol and p-chlorophenol from synthetic single and bisolute aqueous solutions at 303.15 K through adsorption on Amberlite XAD-16 resin under batch equilibrium and dynamic column experimental conditions was investigated. The equilibrium adsorption data from single component solutions were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models to evaluate the model parameters and the parameters in turn were used to predict the extent of adsorption from bisolute aqueous solutions using Ideal Solution Adsorption (IAS) model. The effect of pH on removal of phenol and p-chlorophenol from single and bisolute systems was studied. The breakthrough capacity and total capacity of the resin for the adsorbates at different concentrations were evaluated through column adsorption studies. Attempts were made to regenerate the resin by solvent washing using methanol as an eluent. The limited number of adsorption–desorption cycles indicated that the adsorption capacity of the resin remained unchanged.

Keywords: Adsorption, Phenol, P-Chlorophenol, Resin, Regeneration, Adsorption Isotherms

Kim, D.S. (2003), Adsorption characteristics of Fe(III) and Fe(III)–NTA complex on granular activated carbon. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 106 (1), 67-84.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat106, 67.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of Fe³⁺ ion on granular activated carbon has been studied in kinetic and equilibrium conditions taking into account the adsorbate concentration, temperature and solution pH as major influential factors. In addition, the effect of nitrilotriacetic acid on adsorption reaction as a complexing agent has been examined. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption rate was increased as the initial Fe³⁺ concentration was raised. The adsorption reaction was estimated to be first-order at room temperature. The adsorption rate and equilibrium adsorption of Fe³⁺ increased as the temperature rose. The activation energy for adsorption was approximately 2.23 kJ mol^-1, which implied that Fe³⁺ mainly physically adsorbed on activated carbon. Coexistence of nitrilotriacetic acid with Fe³⁺ resulted in a decrease of equilibrium adsorption and the extent of decrease was proportional to the concentration of nitrilotriacetic acid. In the presence of nitrilotriacetic acid, the adsorbability of Fe³⁺ decreased with pH. However, the trend was reversed in the absence of nitrilotriacetic acid. When activated carbon was swelled by acetic acid, the specific surface area was increased and maximum swelling was achieved at approximately 48 h of swelling time. Thermodynamic parameters such as G°, H° and S° for adsorption reaction were estimated based on equilibrium data and in connection with these results the thermodynamic aspects of adsorption reaction were discussed.

Keywords: Activated Carbon, Activation, Activation Energy, Adsorption, Adsorption Rate, Aqueous-Solutions, Bentonite, Carbon, Characteristics, Cobalt(II), Complexing Agent, Concentration, Data, Energy, Equilibrium, Exchange, Fe(III), Ferric Ion, First Order, Goethite, Granular Activated Carbon, Ions, Kinetic, Kinetic Studies, pH, Removal, Rights, Room Temperature, Solution, Specific Surface, Surface, Surface Area, Swelling, Temperature, Thermodynamic, Thermodynamic Calculation, Thermodynamic Parameters, Trend

Akhtar, N., Iqbal, J. and Iqbal, M. (2004), Removal and recovery of nickel(II) from aqueous solution by loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana: characterization studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108 (1-2), 85-94.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat108, 85.pdf

Abstract: The biosorption process for the removal of nickel(II) by loofa sponge-immobilized biomass of Chlorella sorokiniana (LIBCS), a newly developed immobilized biosorbent, was characterized. Effects of environmental factors on metal uptake capacity of LIBCS were studied and compared with free biomass of C. sorokiniana (FBCS). Nickel(II) removal by LIBCS was found to be influenced by pH of the solution, initial metal concentration, and biomass concentration. The biosorption of nickel(II) ions by both LIBCS and FBCS increased as the initial concentration of nickel(II) ions increased in the medium. No loss to biosorption capacity of LIBCS for nickel(II) was found due to the presence of loofa sponge, indeed as compared to FBCS an increase of 25.3% was noted in the biosorption capacity of LIBCS. Maximum biosorption capacities for FBCS and LIBCS were found as 48.08 and 60.38 mg nickel(II)/g, respectively, whereas the amount of nickel(II) ions adsorbed on the plain loofa sponge was 6.1 mg/g. During these biosorption studies, LIBCS exhibited excellent physical and chemical stability without any significant release/loss of microalgal biomass from loofa sponge matrix. The kinetics of nickel(II) removal was extremely fast reaching at equilibrium in about 15 min for LIBCS and 20 min for FBCS. The biosorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The biosorption capacities were found to be solution pH dependent and the maximum adsorption was found at a solution pH 4–5. The LIBCS could be regenerated using 75 mM HCl, with up to 98% recovery. The LIBCS were shown to be robust and stable with little decrease in the nickel(II) uptake capacity when used in consecutive seven biosorption–desorption cycles. Continuous removal of nickel(II) from electroplating effluent by LIBCS packed in fixed bed column bioreactor confirm the possibility of developing a biological treatment process for the removal of toxic metals from authentic wastewater.

Keywords: Biosorption, Cell Immobilization, Loofa Sponge, Nickel(II), Chlorella sorokiniana; Luffa cylindrica

Chandra Sekhar, K., Kamala, C.T., Chary, N.S., Sastry, A.R.K., Nageswara Rao, T. and Vairamani, M. (2004), Removal of lead from aqueous solutions using an immobilized biomaterial derived from a plant biomass. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108 (1-2), 111-117.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat108, 111.pdf

Abstract: Because of the severity of heavy metal contamination and potential adverse health impact on the public, a tremendous effort has taken place to purify waters containing toxic metal ions. Traditional methods which have been employed prove to be costly and prohibitive for low level waste remediation. Biosorption is presented as an alternative to traditional physicochemical means for removing toxic metals from ground and wastewaters. Most recently, plant based biomaterials have been of interest.

The bark of Hemidesmus indicus, an extensively available plant biomass commonly called as Indian sarsaparilla was used as biomaterial for removal of lead from aqueous streams. Batch experiments were carried out with immobilized biomass of H. indicus (IPBFIX) to optimize the experimental parameters like effect of contact time, initial metal concentration, initial IPBFIX concentration and co-metal ion effect on biosorption of lead from contaminated waters. Column experiments were performed under flow conditions for regeneration and recycle efficiency of IPBFIX and was found to be effective for three cycles. Elution experiments were carried out to remove lead ions from loaded IPBFIX and 100% elution was achieved with a 0.1 M HNO₃ solution. The effectiveness of the IPBFIX for biosorption of lead ions was demonstrated using the wastewater samples emanating from a non-ferrous metal industry and the results are presented in this paper. The results from these studies will be useful for a novel phytofiltration technology to remove and recover lead from wastewaters and this can also be well adapted for secondary treatment or polishing of wastewaters. An attempt has been made to remove lead from the lead polluted waters (both ground and surface) from an industrially contaminated sites.

Keywords: Ability, Beads, Biomass, Biosorption, Cadmium, Copper, Environmental-Control, Hazard, Heavy-Metals, Immobilization, Immobilized Biomass, Ions, Lead, Phytofiltration, Recovery, Regeneration, Remediation, Waste, Water

Gulnaz, O., Kaya, A., Matyar, F. and Arikan, B. (2004), Sorption of basic dyes from aqueous solution by activated sludge. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 108 (3), 183-188.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat108, 183.pdf

Abstract: The adsorption of dyes in the solutions using activated sludge might be a promising approach in wastewater treatment units. The adsorption of Basic Red 18 and Basic Blue 9 from aqueous solution by dried activated sludge was investigated with in a batch system. The activated sludge had the highest dye uptake capacity, having the monolayer adsorption capacity 285.71 and 256.41 mg g^-1 for Basic Red 18 and Basic Blue 9, respectively, at pH value of 7.0 and 20 °C. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were used for the mathematical description of the adsorption equilibrium and the equilibrium data fixed very well with both the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The R_L values showed that, activated sludge was favorable for the adsorption of basic dyes. The suitability of the kinetic models for the adsorption of dyes on the activated sludge was also discussed. It was clear that the adsorption kinetics of dyes to dried activated sludge obeyed pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics.

Keywords: Activated Sludge, Adsorption, Adsorption Capacity, Adsorption Equilibrium, Adsorption Kinetics, Approach, Aqueous Solution, Basic Blue 9, Basic Dyes, Basic Red 18, Batch, Batch System, Capacity, Data, Dried Activated Sludge, Dye, Dyes, Equilibrium, Freundlich, Kinetic, Kinetic Models, Kinetics, Langmuir, Models, Monolayer, pH, pH Value, Pseudo Second Order, Pseudo Second-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order, Second Order, Second-Order, Sludge, Solution, Solutions, Sorption, Treatment, Uptake, Value, Wastewater, Wastewater Treatment

Kusvuran, E., Gulnaz, O., Irmak, S., Atanur, O.M., Ibrahim Yavuz, H. and Erbatur, O. (2004), Comparison of several advanced oxidation processes for the decolorization of Reactive Red 120 azo dye in aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109 (1-3), 85-93.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat109, 85.pdf

Abstract: In this study UV/TiO₂, electro-Fenton (EF), wet-air oxidation (WAO), and UV/electro-Fenton (UV/EF) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been applied to degrade Reactive Red 120 (RR120) dye in aqueous solution. The most efficient method on decolorization and mineralization of RR120 was observed to be WAO process. Photocatalytic degradation of RR120 by UV/TiO₂ have been studied at different pH values. At pH 3 photocatalytic degradation kinetics of RR120 successfully fitted to Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) kinetics model. The values of second order degradation rate (k″) constant and adsorption constant (K) were determined as 4.525 mg L⁻¹ min⁻¹ and 0.387 L mg⁻¹, respectively. Decolorization efficiency observed in the order of WAO>UV/TiO₂=UV/EF>EF while WAO>UV/TiO₂>UV/EF>EF order was observed in TOC removal (mineralization). For all AOPs, it was found that degradation products in reaction mixture can be disposed safely to environment after 90 min treatment.

Keywords: Reactive Red 120, Advanced Oxidation Processes, L–H Kinetics, Decolorization, Mineralization

? Mollah, M.Y.A., Pathak, S.R., Patil, P.K., Vayuvegula, M., Agrawal, T.S., Gomes, J.A.G., Kesmez, M. and Cocke, D.L. (2004), Treatment of orange II azo-dye by electrocoagulation (EC) technique in a continuous flow cell using sacrificial iron electrodes. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109 (1-3), 165-171.

Full Text: 2004\J Haz Mat109, 165.pdf

Abstract: This paper describes the EC treatment of orange II dye solution in a flow cell using sodium chloride as an internal electrolyte. In this technique dye solutions were passed through a flow-through EC apparatus consisting of a flow-through cell, the electrode assembly, the feed pump and the DC power supply unit. The cell contained five parallel iron electrodes, which form four parallel cells. Experiments were run at 25°C under various electrolyte concentrations, dye concentrations, current density, flow rate of the solution, and pH at dc current range of 2-5 A. Various number of recycles of the treated dye solution were also performed at the same dc current range. Optimum conditions to get high removal efficiency were experimentally determined. It was found that 98.5% of the dye was removed from the solution under the optimum conditions. The residue from a blank run (pH = 7.3) and a dye added run (pH = 8.5) were collected by vacuum filtration and analyzed by XRD after drying in a vacuum desiccator. The XRD data indicated the presence of mainly maghemite (gamma-Fe₂O₃) and magnetite (Fe₃O₄) in the residue. However, there is not much difference between the X-ray diffractograms of the blank sample and the dye-containing residue to warrant any conclusions therefrom with regard to the interactions between the oxides and the dye molecules. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Electrocoagulation, Iron Electrodes, Orange II Dye, Sodium Chloride, Textile Waste-Water, Electrochemical Oxidation, Photocatalytic Degradation, Laboratory Experiments, Aluminum Electrodes, Organic Pollutants, Activated-Sludge, Biofilm Process, Coagulation, Remediation

Doğan, M., Alkan, M., Türkyilmaz, A. and Özdemir, Y. (2004), Kinetics and mechanism of removal of Methylene Blue by adsorption onto perlite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 109 (1-3), 141-148.

Full Text: J\J Haz Mat109, 141.pdf

Abstract: The kinetics and mechanism of methylene blue adsorption on perlite have been studied. The effects of various experimental parameters, such as initial dye concentration, temperature and pH on the adsorption rate were investigated. Adsorption measurements show that the process is very fast and physical in nature. The extent of the dye removal increased with increase in the initial concentration of the dye and the initial pH and temperature of solution. Adsorption data were modelled using the first and second-order kinetic equations, mass transfer and intra-particle diffusion models. It was shown that the second-order kinetic equation could best describe the sorption kinetics. The diffusion coefficient, D, was found to increase when the initial dye concentration, pH and temperature were raised. Thermodynamic activation parameters, such as G, S and H, were calculated.

Keywords: Perlite, Methylene Blue, Thermodynamic Activation Parameters, Kinetics of Adsorption, Dye, Intra-Particle Diffusion, Rate Constants

Arıca, M.Y., Bayramoğlu, G., Yılmaz, M., Bektaş, S. and Genç, Ö. (2004), Biosorption of Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, and Zn²⁺ by Ca-alginate and immobilized wood-rotting fungus Funalia trogii. Journal of Hazardous Materials,