Personal Research Database

Full Text: 1993\Scientometrics28, 387.pdf

Abstract: This paper analyzes the relationship between age and productivity for Nobel prize winners in science during the period 1901-1992. The relationship found is field dependent as well as dependent upon the definition used to measure the age at which the ward-winning work was done. The results suggest that although it does not require extraordinary youth to do prize-winning work, the odds decrease markedly in mid-life and fall off precipitously after age 50, particularly in chemistry and physics. The discussion underscores the problem of drawing conclusions about the age structure of research by examining medians instead of the entire distribution.

Keywords: Chemistry, Life-Cycle, Research, Research Productivity, Science, Scientists, Structure, Work, Youth

? Pouris, A. (1993), Economies of Scale in Science and Technology Agencies. Scientometrics, 28 (3), 401-406.

Full Text: 1993\Scientometrics28, 401.pdf

Abstract: This study is the first to provide estimates of the economies of scale in science and technology agencies. As such, it sheds new light on issues of interest to policy-makers. The study identifies that there are strong economies of scale to be captured in organisations with budgets less than $200 million. The least efficient agency in the study requires 136 times more input per unit of output than the most efficient one. The study was unable to identify diseconomies of scale up to the range of $3 billion. The policy implications for countries which are small in science in particular, are discussed.

Keywords: Estimates, First, Policy, Science, Science and Technology, Small, Technology

? Bonitz, M. (1994), The multidimensional space of scientometrics: Price, Derek, John, Desolla Awards 1984-1993. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 3-14.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 3.pdf

Abstract: Nine scientists have been so far awarded the Derek de Solla Price medal which was founded by the journal Scientometrics after the premature death of Derek John de Solla Price in 1983. The study of their most cited papers and other aspects of their scientific work provides good insight into the various dimensions of the developing field of scientometrics.

Keywords: 1989 Price, Derek, Desolla, Citation Impact, Death, Documents, Foundations, Information-Science, Journal, Journals, Papers, Quantitative Aspects, Recipient, Relative Indicators, Scientific Publications, Scientometrics, Work

? Wagnerdobler, R. (1994), The frequency-distribution of legal decision citations in the German Jurisdiction. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 15-26.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 15.pdf

Abstract: This investigation has three aims: 1. To direct the attention of scientometrics to the widespread use of citation indexes by practising lawyers. The analysis of this practice is of special value for comparative studies in scientometrics and informetrics. 2. To examine the frequency distribution of legal decision citations in the German jurisdiction. 3. To test whether these frequency distributions depend exclusively on the density of citations between documents of a database, as stated by D. Price.

Keywords: Analysis, Citation, Citation Indexes, Citations, Database, Informetrics, Investigation, Jurisdiction, Legal, Practice, Scientometrics

Martin, B.R. (1994), British Science in the 1980S - Has the Relative Decline Continued. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 27-56.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 27.pdf

Abstract: In previous articles, the author and his colleagues have shown that British science declined relative to other countries during the 1970 and more slowly during the early 1980s. More recently, the author examined figures for 1981-85 produced by the Information Science and Scientometrics Research Unit (ISSRU) and showed that they were consistent with other evidence on Britain’s relative decline. However, those latter findings and the methodology used to derive them have been criticised by Braun and his colleagues at ISSRU, and by Leydesdorff and Kealey. This paper begins by examining these criticisms to establish whether there are any grounds for revising the previous conclusion that British science has been slipping in relation to other countries. It then analyses the latest publication and citation statistics. It also presents new data on highly cited papers and on the national distribution of Nobel Prizes. The paper concludes that, although a few isolated indicators might be taken to suggest that British science has been growing in some absolute sense, the great weight of evidence points to a continuing relative decline.

Keywords: Articles, Bibliometric Assessment, Citation, Evidence, Growth, Indicators, Methodology, Papers, Publication, Science, Scientometrics, Statistics, UK Scientific Performance

Abt, H.A. (1994), Report on the manuscript entitled British science in the 1980s: Has the relative decline continued. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 57-58.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 57.pdf

Coleman, S.R. (1994), Disciplinary variables that affect the shape of Bradford’s bibliography. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 59-81.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 59.pdf

Abstract: The influence of various factors upon the shape of Bradford’s bibliograph was assessed through an examination of 16 bibliographies, of which ten were comprehensive. We obtained a curvature score for each bibliograph plotted in a standard landscape format so as to permit comparison, we found that the amount of concave-up curvature (‘convexity’): (a) is negatively correlated with a bibliography’s overall publication density, (b) depends on the status (‘technical’ vs. ‘nontechnical’) of the disciplinary source of a bibliography, with technical disciplines showing less convexity, and (c) is complexly affected by the historical changes in the discipline. Findings are discussed in the context of questions about the graphical formulation of Bradford’s Law.

Keywords: Bibliographies, Changes, Comparison, Examination, Law, Publication, Standard

? Grupp, H. and Hinze, S. (1994), International orientation, efficiency of and regard for research in east and West-Germany: A bibliometric investigation of aspects of technology genesis in the United Germany. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 83-113.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 83.pdf

Abstract: The efficiency of areas of science was evaluated using the DEA method. Areas achieving a maximum orientation or regard of international publication are rated as efficient. The areas of reproductive medicine, organic and inorganic chemistry in the former Federal Republic can thus be regarded as efficient areas of science. No area of scientific research in the former East Germany was able to achieve the optimum. The determinant in this connection is the adverse situation with respect to international orientation whilst no substantial difference in regard for further research could be detected between East and West German research.

Keywords: Chemistry, Efficiency, Germany, Indicators, International, Medicine, Publication, Research, Science, Scientific Research

Peters, H.P.F. and Vanraan, A.F.J. (1994), A bibliometric profile of top-scientists: A case study in chemical engineering. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 115-136.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 115.pdf

Abstract: We carefully selected a group of chemical engineering scientists internationally recognized as ‘top-scientists’ in their field. A method has been developed to systematically compare bibliometric characteristics of these top-scientists with an ‘average scientist’ in chemical engineering. This method also includes citation-analysis of books and proceedings. ne results show a very clear ‘bibliometric profile’. First, top-scientists reach the maximum of their received citations about a year earlier. Second, they are cited significantly more than the average scientist. Third, top- scientists’ references are more numerous and, fourth, they concern more recent literature. Our fifth findings is that the journals used by top-scientists for their publications are representative for the field of chemical engineering as a whole. But they differ in specific aspects significantly from the ‘average’ journal structure in chemical engineering: the published work of top-scientists is both ‘general’ as well as more specialistic than the average work in chemical engineering

Keywords: Bibliometric, Citation Analysis, Citations, Impact, Indicators, Journal, Journals, Literature, Physics, Publications, Research Performance, Structure, Tool, Work

? Teitel, S. (1994), Patents, research-and-development expenditures, country size, and per-capita income: An international comparison. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 137-159.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 137.pdf

Abstract: Conceptual and data problems make the selection of science and technology indicators difficult. It has also proven hard to link measures of scientific and technological activity with economic development. In this paper, statistically significant results are obtained by regressing one science and technology output indicator: patents granted to residents, with R & D expenditures and the stock of potential scientists and engineers. Statistically significant results are also obtained by regressing the same dependent variable onto population size and income per capita. The econometrically established patterns tend to corroborate previously formulated hypotheses and could be used, it is suggested, for policy analysis and projections.

Keywords: Analysis, Development, Economic Development, Economic-Development, Indicator, Indicators, Patents, Policy, Policy Analysis, Population, Potential, Science, Science and Technology, Size, Technological Activity, Technology, Technology Indicators

? Kyvik, S. and Larsen, I.M. (1994), International Contact and Research Performance. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 161-172.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 161.pdf

Abstract: The scope of this article is to illuminate the relationship between degree of international contact and research performance among researchers in small countries. Comparisons are done between the natural, medical and social sciences, technology and the humanities. Three indicators on international contact are used: a) an index on contact frequency, b) type of conference attendance, and c) long-term research stays abroad. There is a relatively strong correlation between contact frequency and international publishing activity in all fields of learning. Researchers who were invited to present a paper by conference organizers were considerably more productive than those who gave a paper on their own initiative, and this latter group was in turn much more productive than those researchers who attended without papers. Contrary to other forms of contact, long-term research stays abroad have a very small independent effect on international publishing.

Keywords: Humanities, Indicators, International, Learning, Medical, Papers, Publishing, Research, Research Performance, Sciences, Small, Social Sciences, Technology

? Schubert, A. (1994), A dictionary of scientific quotations: Mackay, AL. Scientometrics, 29 (1), 173-177.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 173.pdf

? Yamazaki, S. (1994), Research activities in life sciences in Japan. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 181-190.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 181.pdf

Abstract: The purpose of this survey is to study the present state and an evaluation of research activities in the field of life sciences in Japan. Based on the 5,107 papers from Japan in 1989 CD-ROM of Excerpta Medica, a quantitative analysis to determine the present state of research activities in life sciences was conducted. There were 7 journals in which more than 50 papers by Japanese authors were published. Brain Research stood first. The ranking list of contributed papers demonstrates a preference of Japanese researchers’ interest in international journals from commercial publishers rather than in society journals for the publication of their papers overseas. In view of the number of papers and the paper output per head, research activities of organizations were evaluated. The three national medical schools in Kyushu, Osaka, and Kyoto hold ranked high. A comparison between national medical schools and private medical schools shows that the former have higher productivities. Private medical schools were generally inactive, and they emphasized clinical activities more than research activites.

Keywords: Analysis, Clinical, Comparison, Evaluation, First, International, Japan, Journals, Life, Life Sciences, Medical, Medical Schools, Papers, Publication, Quantitative Analysis, Ranking, Research, Sciences, Society, Survey

Notes: TTopic, CCountry

Nasir, A.M., Hassan, H., Hamid, K.A. and Agha, S.S. (1994), Bibliometric evaluation of agricultural literature published in Malaysia. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 191-217.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 191.pdf

Abstract: A bibliometric analysis of agricultural literature published in Malaysia between 1981-1990 was undertaken. The analysis shed light on the key journals that published agricultural literature, on the forms of publications which are resorted to in the communication of research results, on the subject areas which are well written on and those that have been neglected, on the nature of contributions made by Malaysian authors, on the publishing practice of corporate bodies and on the number of publications produced each year.

Keywords: Analysis, Bibliometric, Bibliometric Analysis, Bodies, Communication, Countries, Journals, Literature, Practice, Publications, Publishing, Research

? Qin, J. (1994), An investigation of research collaboration in the sciences through the philosophical-transactions 1901-1991. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 219-238.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 219.pdf

Abstract: A sample was selected from The Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London to examine the development of collaboration in scientific research from 1901-1991. The variables under study were: changes with time, as reflected in the 19 years sampled, the number of collaborative papers, which were subdivided by number of authors, type of collaboration, and the number of unique departmental subject titles, and the number of authors involved in producing collaborative papers, in which the proportion and the mean number of authors per paper were computed according to type of collaboration. It was found that, while the proportion of collaborative papers fluctuated over the years, the number corresponded to an exponential increase over time. The collaboration in the first half of the century was sporadic but grew rapidly in the second half, especially the collaboration involving many authors from different institutions and countries in the production of a publication. The trend toward interdisciplinarity has become pronounced since the 1960s. The phenomenon was found to be associated with the average number of authors per interdisciplinary paper and the type of collaboration. The limitations of the study are indicated and future studies are suggested.

Keywords: Changes, Collaboration, Development, First, Institutions, Interdisciplinarity, Interdisciplinary, Multiple Authorship, Papers, Publication, Research, Scientific Co-Authorship, Scientific Research

? Dehaan, J., Leeuw, F.L. and Remery, C. (1994), Accumulation of advantage and disadvantage in research groups. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 239-251.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 239.pdf

Abstract: This articles presents a test of the accumulation of advantage (AOA) hypothesis applied to differences in duration of research groups. Data are presented on the collaboration within groups both before and after the implementation of a policy measure. An extensive discussion of the findings is given as well as an elaboration of the AOA hypothesis.

Keywords: Collaboration, Policy, Research

Notes: MModel

Chung, Y.K. (1994), Bradford distribution and core authors in classification systems literature. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 253-269.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 253.pdf

Abstract: By applying of Bradford’s law to analysis of the source documents and their references by classification systems researchers in the world, this paper presents core authors of the field during the period 1981-1990. The findings show that 1) core authors of the international classification systems literature are the Library of Congress, M. Dewey, S. Ranganathan, J. Comaromi, A. Neelameghan, L. Chan and K. Markey, 2) the highly cited authors are linked either to the developers of the classification systems or to a research center, or else they authored the most frequently cited books, and 3) the data confirms to Bradford’s law and the unusual rising tail of Bradford distribution is appeared and explained.

Keywords: Analysis, Classification, International, Law, Literature, Research

? Miquel, J.F. and Okubo, Y. (1994), Structure of international collaboration in science. 2. Comparisons of profiles in countries using a link indicator. Scientometrics, 29 (2), 271-297.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 271.pdf

Abstract: In this article, the behaviors of countries in scientific production activities are investigated using an asymmetrical matrix system to analyze data collected from the Science Citation Index. Examination of international collaboration, intercountry relationships, and domestic scientific output patterns structured by 98 countries in eight principal fields of science reveal diverse aspects of country behaviors. Three asymmetrical matrixes are established and the multidimentional Minimum Spanning Tree technique is applied to classify, visualize and determine the distinctive characteristics of country profiles. Investigations are conducted at both a macro (country behavior) and a micro (particular city behavior) level in order to demonstrate the applicability of the methodology and to obtain global observations of country behaviors. It is argued that these methods contribute to reveal traditions and policies of countries, universities and research organizations as well as that of the international network of scientific exchange. Further usage of these methodologies is advocated for policy analysis.

Keywords: Analysis, Behavior, Collaboration, International, Methodology, Methods, Network, Policy, Policy Analysis, Research, Science, Science Citation Index, Scientific Output, Scientific Production, Universities

? Braun, T., Glänzel, W., Maczelka, H. and Schubert, A. (1994), World science in the eighties - national performances in publication output and citation impact, 1985-1989 versus 1980-1984. 1. All science fields combined, physics, and chemistry. Scientometrics, 29 (3), 299-334.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 299.pdf

Keywords: Facts, Figures, Life Sciences, Newest Version

? Reguant, S. and Casadella, J. (1994), English as Lingua-Franca in geological scientific publications: A bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 29 (3), 335-351.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 335.pdf

Abstract: The examination of three samples of geological scientific publications: (A) 9 journals from Western Europe and USA, (B) 10 up-to-date review books, and (C) 3 sections of Volume 127 (1990-1991) of the Zoological Record, shows that the statement that English is now the lingua franca in geological sciences is only in part true, but reflects a desire by many people in the scientific community, a desire which may not yet have been fulfilled.

Keywords: Community, Europe, Examination, Journals, Publications, Review, Sciences, Scientific Publications, USA

? Hinze, S. (1994), Bibliographical cartography of an emerging interdisciplinary discipline: The case of bioelectronics. Scientometrics, 29 (3), 353-376

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 353.pdf

Abstract: A bibliometric analysis in the emerging field of bioelectronics, characterised by a high degree of interdisciplinarity, is carried out. Two different techniques - co-classification and co-word analysis - have been used and their results have been compared. The limitations and potentials of these techniques, especially concerning their use for analysing interdisciplinary scientific fields, are discussed. It is found that these techniques enable analyses gaining a first insight into the coarse structure of the field. The advantage of the techniques is their relative simplicity, and the possibility to carry out trend analyses based on relatively constant classifications of research activities, so that maps of different time periods become comparable and changes within the structure of the field become visible.

Keywords: Analysis, Bibliometric, Bibliometric Analysis, Changes, First, Interdisciplinarity, Interdisciplinary, Research, Structure, Techniques

? Plomp, R. (1994), The highly cited papers of professors as an indicator of a research groups scientific performance. Scientometrics, 29 (3), 377-393.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics29, 377.pdf

Abstract: In the first part of the paper the citations in 1986 and 1987 of 3938 papers published in 1985 by 324 research groups in the faculties of science and of medicine of eight universities in the Netherlands are analyzed. Because of the large statistical spread of (1) the number of short-term citations of papers cited equally frequently over a long period, and (2) the number of citations over a long period of papers by the same author, short-term citation scores appear to be an unreliable indicator of a research group’s contribution to science. In the second part of the paper an alternative approach is presented, based on a subdivision of the 3938 papers in papers authored by professors with 0-2, 3-8, or greater-than-or-equal-to 9 highly cited papers (HCPs, greater-than-or-equal-to 25 citations) to their name. Very large citation score differences were found for the three categories. For example: for papers first-authored by a professor, the average number of citations per person in 1986 and 1987 for 1985 papers was for 161 professors with greater-than-or-equal-to 9 HCPs a factor 14 larger than for 575 professors with only 0-2 HCPs, for papers co-authored by professors, this factor was 6.6. These findings justify the conclusion that the number of HCPs scored by the professors (and other senior scientists) during their entire career is a much more reliable predictor of the performance of a research group than the number of short-term citations of the articles published by the group within a short period. A research group’s contribution to science is primarily determined by the individual scientific talents of its members.

Keywords: Alternative, Citation, Citations, First, Impact, Indicator, Medicine, Papers, Person, Research, Science, The Netherlands, Universities

? Glänzel, W. and Kretschmer, H. (1994), Selected papers presented at the 4th international-conference on bibliometrics, informetrics and scientometrics: In memory of Price, Derek, John, Desolla (1922-1983) September 11-15, 1993, Berlin (Germany) - Preface. Scientometrics, 30 (1), 5-6.

Full Text: Scientometrics30, 5.pdf

Keywords: Bibliometrics, Germany, Scientometrics

Arunachalam, S., Srinivasan, R. and Raman, V. (1994), International collaboration in science: Participation by the Asian giants. Scientometrics, 30 (1), 7-22.

Full Text: 1994\Scientometrics30, 7.pdf

Abstract: Science in the last few years has become increasingly global and collaborative. The number of internationally coauthored papers has been increasing steadily. We have counted internationally jointly authored papers involving authors from the advanced countries and the Third World countries, using SCI 1991. We have looked at the number of papers resulting from collaboration among authors residing in the countries of the North (e.g. EC and OECD countries), authors residing in the South (e.g. India and Bangladesh, Mexico and Brazil, China and Pakistan) and papers resulting from collaboration between authors residing in the countries of the South and the North (e.g. India and UK, China and USA). Despite its late start, China has published many more collaborative papers with most Asian countries and the advanced countries of the West except the UK than India - confirming the effectiveness of the open door policy of post-Mao China. Both India and China collaborate with USA much more often in physics than in other areas, followed by clinical medicine. However, India collaborates more with USA in chemistry than China. In Indo-US and Sino-US collaborations, collaborating institutions are mostly universities and institutes of higher learning in India and USA, whereas in China several institutions under the Academies also take part. The percentage of collaborative papers involving authors from India is even smaller than the percentage of journal articles originating from India. In general, papers resulting from international collaboration appear in better journals and are cited more often than papers that are the outcome of local research.

Keywords: Bangladesh, Brazil, Chemistry, China, Clinical, Collaboration, EC, Effectiveness, India, Institutions, International, Journal, Journal Articles, Journals, Learning, Medicine, Mexico, Pakistan, Papers, Policy, Research, SCI, UK, Universities, USA

? Delooze, M.A. (1994), The application of scientometric tools to the analysis of a sector in plant biotechnologies: Nitrogen-fixation. Scientometrics,