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- The persons in the article have their own entry. Szabó, Zoltán (2)
- Teleki, Count Pál; Újszászy, Kálmán; Bereczky, Albert. Szabolcs
- Turul; Anonymus; Thuróczy Chronicle. Szabolcs, Zoltán
- Tóth, Aladár; Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán
- Ady, Endre . Szabon, József
- Szádeczky Kardoss, Elemér
- Political Parties in Hungary
- Friedrich, Klára; Zakar, András; Badiny Jós, Ferenc; Forrai, Sándor; Bulányi, György; Mindszenty József; Runic Writing, Hungarian; Runic Writing Research.
Szabó, Zoltán (1) (Budapest, 5 June 1912 - Vannes, 19 August 1984) – Writer. His secondary studies was at the high school of the Piarist Teaching Order of Budapest (1922-1930), following, which he studied at the Budapest Polytechnic (1930-1931), while between 1931 and 1933 he studied first at the Faculty of Arts, later Political Science and Law. He launched a journal with some of his colleagues, entitled Nameless Notary (Névtelen Jegyző). He started his literary activity by writing poems; they appeared in the collective volume New Hungarian Lyric Poetry (Új Magyar Lira) (1934). Then he turned to social problems and, in 1934, he founded his Young Hungarian Sociographic Cooperative. Together with Iván Boldizsár, he edited the journal, The Young Hungarians (A Fiatal Magyarság). He gave lectures and seminars in rural towns and held workshops with his cooperative at Tihany, and did sociographic surveys at Tard, which led to the launching of the book series called Service and Writing, its first volume being on Tard (1936). He became an associate at the paper Morning (Reggel). In 1938, his Window-dressing (Cifra nyomorúság) appeared. He also worked as an editor for the publishing firm Franklin Társulat. From 1939 he was active in the movement against National Socialism and, in his “cheap book series” folk authors appeared, such as Gyula (Julius) Illyés, Géza Féja, Gyula (Julius) Ortutay and Ferenc (Francis) Erdei. His basic theme: “intellectual national defence” (szellemi honvédelem) received expression in his work entitled Between two Pagans (Két pogány közt) (1939), and, in an Almanac Mihály (Michael) Babits wrote a poem on the opening page. In 1940 he received a scholarship from the French Republic just before its defeat and occupation by the Germans and, in a roundabout way, he managed to return to Hungary. From 1941 he was Literary Editor of the daily, Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet). Early in 1944 he went over to the “illegal” side in the Mátra Mountain (already occupied by Soviet forces), trying to start life in Hungary under Russian military occupation and, in January 1945, he presented himself to the temporary leftist Government and undertook to edit, publish and distribute the daily, Hungarian Bulletin (Magyar Közlöny). Szabó edited a new journal, Reality (Valóság) until 1947. After spending two years as Cultural Attaché at the Hungarian Consulate in Paris, he went to London. From 1951 until 1974 he was an associate at Radio Free Europe. He founded the Hungarian Book Guild to enable him to publish short stories by Tibor Déry (imprisoned at the time), and studies by István (Stephen) Bibó (1960). At the end of 1956, when the Revolution and Freedom Fight was already defeated by the military might of the Soviet Union, with the consent of the USA, he launched a daily, Hungarian Word (Magyar Szó) and, on behalf of the Save Hungary Committee, he took an active part in the intellectual movements of the Hungarian émigrés in the West. In 1980 he settled in a small Breton township, Josselin, in France and, in his last years, he did not return or visit Hungary. Apart from his works mentioned above, he also wrote Sketchbook from England (Angliai vázlatkönyv) (1946), and Ancestors and Companions (Ősök és társak), studies (1984). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→The persons in the article have their own entry. Szabó, Zoltán (2) (Alsószuha, 24 November 1902 - Budapest, 20 February 1965) – Minister of the Reformed Church and theologian. His high school education was completed at the Reformed College of Sárospatak. He studied Theology in Sárospatak until 1924 and in Utrecht, The Neatherlands, and Germany from 1925 to 1926. He started his career as a teacher of religion in Sátoraljaújhely (1925-1926), and he was a theology teacher at the Reformed College of Sárospatak. He received his Ph.D. from the Theological Faculty of the University of Debrecen in 1933. Together with Kálmán (Coloman) Ujszászy, he founded and organized the People’s Academies, the Village Seminaries, and the Boy Scouts. Through his friendship with Count Pál (Paul) Teleki, he became increasingly active in politics. Between 1938 and 1945, he was a Member of the National Assembly, representing the Hungarian Life Party (Magyar Élet Pártja – MÉP). Szabó was also a diocesan secretary, Deputy Bishop, and a member of the General Synod. In 1945 and early 1946, he was arrested several times because of his past in the interwar years as a Member of Parliament. However, legal process against him was suspended when it turned out that he had participated in the Resistance Movement. After the closing of the Reformed Theological Academy in Sárospatak, he retired, but resumed his activities as Parish Minister in Ófehértó from 1952 until 1956. With the help of Bishop Albert Bereczky, he was able to return to the Cistibiscan Church District. He was Parish Minister in Noszvaj until his death. His literary activities were notable, with several of his manuscripts remaining in circulation. His main works include The Psychology of Youth and the Spiritual Nurturing of Young People (Az ifjúkor lélektana és az ifjúság lelkigondozása) (1932); A Revision of Preaching (Igehírdetésünk revíziója) (1934); and Calvin in People’s Consciousness (Kálvin a népi tudatban), with Béla Vassady (1936). – B: 0883, T: 7667.→Teleki, Count Pál; Újszászy, Kálmán; Bereczky, Albert. Szabolcs (10th century) Hungarian chieftain. According to Anonymus, the Chronicler, he was the son of Előd, ancestor of the Csák Clan. The chronicles of Thuróczy indicate he was also known as Prince Várkony, Duke of Bihar, a relative of Árpád. His wife is alleged to have been a princess from the House of Árpád. The discovery of a ceremonial disk at Rakamaz portraying two Turul birds, substantiates her ties to the family. Szabolcs’ princely quarters were on the banks of the River Danube with holdings at Székesfehérvár as well. His winter home was in Szabolcs. During his reign, wars against the Byzantines commenced. – B: 1078, 1153, T: 7658.→Turul; Anonymus; Thuróczy Chronicle. Szabolcs, Zoltán (Késmárk, now Kežmarok, Slovakia, 8 April 1909 - Szombathely, 19 June 1970) – Physician, surgeon and oncologist. He obtained his Medical Degree at the University of Budapest in 1933. From 1933 to 1937, he was Assistant Professor at the No. 2 Pathological Anatomy and, between 1937 and 1952, Assistant Professor in the No. 2. Surgical Clinic. From 1952 he was Head Physician of the County Hospital of Szombathely. In 1968 he became a titular professor at the University of Pécs. His field of research was oncology, epidemiology and surgery of stomach tumors. He is known for having worked out new surgical procedures. His works include The Surgery of Tumors (A daganatok sebészete) (1948) and Stomach Cancer (Gyomorrák) (1966). – B: 1730, T: 7456. Szabolcsi, Bence (Benedict) (Budapest, 2 August 1899 - Budapest, 21 January 1973) – Music historian. He studied Law, History of Literature and Philosophy, Music History, Art History, and General History at the University of Leipzig, Germany, between 1917 and 1920. He also attended the Academy of Music in Budapest, and the Music Conservatory of Leipzig. From 1923 he was a music critic, editor and publisher’s editor in Budapest. Between 1926 and 1929 he was Co-Editor for the Music Review and, in 1930 and 1931, together with Aladár Tóth, he was Editor of the Encyclopaedia of Music. From 1936 on, he was elected member of several foreign musical organizations. From 1945 he was a professor at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest, where he founded and directed the Faculty of Music until his death. Together with Dénes (Denis) Bartha, he edited a ten-volume series of Studies in the Science of Music between 1953 and 1962. In 1961 he established and managed as Director the Bartók Archives of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, now known as the Institute of Musical Sciences. Szabolcsi’s first publication dealt with Mozart; his two German language publications were about Zoltán Kodály. Between 1920 and 1930, he traveled through the countries along the Danube gathering and later publishing historical souvenirs of old Hungarian music. As a result of his travels, he wrote ten basic studies on the history of Hungarian music from the Middle Ages to the end of the 19th century. These appeared in 1959 and 1961 in his two-volume work The Centuries of Hungarian Music. His major works include Introduction to the History of Music (Bevezetés a zenetörténetbe) (1936); History of Music (A zene története) (1940), and The History of Melody (A melódia története) (1965), which appeared in Budapest in 1950. Other works include The Twilight of Ferenc Liszt (Liszt Ferenc estéje) (1956) and On the Route to Kodály (Úton Kodályhoz) (1972). He laid down the groundwork for the basis of modern Hungarian musical science, and he established a forum and a circle of readers for it. Through his educational work, he trained a new generation of music historians. Hungarian music history, as an independent artistic genre, appeared through his work. In his scientific work, following the examples of Béla Bartók and Zoltán Kodály, he endeavored to build a bridge between East and West. – B: 1078, 0883, T: 7684.→Tóth, Aladár; Bartók, Béla; Kodály, Zoltán. Szabolcska, Mihály (Michael) (Tiszakürt, 30 September 1861 - Budapest, 31 October 1930) – Poet and minister of the Reformed Church. He studied Theology at the Reformed College of Debrecen. Between 1890 and 1892 he studied Theology in Geneva and Paris. He worked as Parish Minister in Marosfelfalu (now Suseni in Transylvania, Romania) from 1892 and, from 1899 to 1928, in Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania), remaining during the Romanian occupation. From 1899 he was a member of the Kisfaludy Society and President of the János Arany Literary Society of Temesvár. In his last years, from 1928 on, he lived in Budapest as an official of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1908, honorary 1926). He was loyal all along to the folksong-like forms, retaining the simple, warm feeling in poetry, even at times of great changes in Hungarian poetry with the appearance of Endre Ady. In poems of lasting value, he sang religious faith, love of one’s country, longing for home of those living abroad, marital love, genuine empathy of village life. His poems were translated into German, English, French, Italian, Russian and other languages. His works include Atmospheres (Hangulatok) (1894); Quiet Songs (Csendes dalok) (1904); On My Own Path (Magam ösvényén) (1907); Following My Heart (Szívem szerint) (1916) Near to God (Isten közelében) (1928), and In the Footsteps of my Ancestors (Őseim nyomán) (1928). – B: 1160, 1552, T: 7456.→Ady, Endre. Szabon, József (Joseph) (Vadna, 20 May 1915 - Szeged, 30 January 1977) – Physician, oto-laryngologist and rhinologist. He earned his Medical Degree from the University of Debrecen in 1941. Until 1946 he practiced at the Elizabeth Hospital of the University of Miskolc and, from 1946 to 1951 in the Oto-Laryngological-Rhinological Clinic of the University of Budapest. In 1951-1952 he was a specialist physician at the Hospital on Péterfy Street, Budapest; from 1952 to 1954 was a senior physician in the hospital at Szentes; between 1954 and 1960 was an assistant lecturer at the Department of Oto-Laryngology-Rhinology of the National Continuous Medical Study Institute (Orvosi Továbbképző Intézet – OTKI). From 1960 to 1977 he was Assistant Professor and Head of Department, Titular Professor in the Oto-Laryngology-Rhinology Clinic of the University of Szeged and, in 1962 and 1963, Deputy Dean. He dealt mainly with surgical methods. His main work is Modification of Procedural Indications in the Rhinological and Pharyngeal Illnesses (Műtéti indikációk módosulása az orr- és garati betegségekben) 1976). He was awarded the András Cházár memorial medal. – B: 1730, T: 7456. Szacsvai, Sándor (Szatsvay) (Marosvécs, now Brâncoveneşti, Romania, 1752 - Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 15 May 1815) – Journalist and publicist. After having completed his high school studies, from 1779 he worked with Mátyás Rát at Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) and participated in publishing the journal Hungarian Courier (Magyar Hírmondó) from 1780 on. In 1784 he took over its editorial work. In 1786 he went to Vienna, where he edited the daily of the same name with a literary supplement called the Hungarian Muse (Magyar Múzsa). In his two pamphlets and papers, he sarcastically and wittily attacked the Church. He also entered on a campaign for Hungarian national interests and took a stand on national education and religious tolerance. Because of his enlightened policy and, above all, his reporting of the events of the French Revolution and the stand he took on the revolutionary French Constitution, his paper was suppressed when Francis I came to power. Thereupon he moved to Kolozsvár, where he worked on the preservation of the nation’s culture and the propagation of the national language. His works include Mirror of Patriots. Hungarians! (Hazafiak tüköre. Magyarok!), pamphlet (1790). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456. Szacsvay, Imre (Emeric) (esztelneki) (Irsa, 10 October 1854 - Budapest, 25 May 1939) – Actor. Late in 1871 he began his course at the Academy of Dramatic Art. While studying, he did crowd work at the István Plaza Theater (István téri Színház) and at the Castle Theater (Várszínház), Budapest. In the spring of 1874 he was invited to Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) for a trial performance and, from 1 May, he was engaged to play juvenile leads and conversational roles. He achieved his first success with Schiller’s Don Carlos. He stayed in Kolozsvár until 1884, when was contracted to the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest, as he was a promising classical and tragic actor. In 1908 he became a member of the committee of dramatic critics; in 1909 he was made a life member. In September 1913, he made the decision himself to retire from acting, because he felt that his style of playing did not meet the requirements of the times. He returned to his career as a teacher at the Academy of Dramatic Art from 1915 to 1923. He was an introverted person and his acting was characterized by uprightness, inflexibility and deep feeling. His roles included Petur bán in J. Katona’s Bánk bán; Miklós Bercsényi in Ede Szigligeti’s Captivity of Ferenc Rákóczi II (II. Rákóczi Ferenc fogsága); Romeo in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet; Antonius in Shakespeare’s Antony and Cleopatra, and King Lear in Shakespeare’s King Lear. He was author of the book: My Life and Reminiscences (Életem és emlékeim), edited by I. Balassa (1940). – B: 0883, 1445, T: 7456. Szádeczky Kardoss, Elemér (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 10 September 1903 - Budapest, 23 August 1984) – Geologist and geochemist. He acquired his Degree at the University of Budapest in 1926. He started his career at the University of Sopron as a demonstrator; in 1936 he became a professor there and, in 1948, Dean of the Science Faculty. In 1931 he was also an honorary lecturer (privatdozent) at the University of Budapest. He became the first Vice-Chancellor (1948-1950) of the Heavy Industrial University of Miskolc (founded during the Communist rule), after which he assumed the Chair of Mineralogy-Petrology at the University of Budapest. Here he organized the Geochemical Laboratory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1955; he retired as its Director in 1984. Apart from paleontology, he treated every aspect of geology on a high standard. He organized the Division of Earth and Mining Sciences of the Academy of Sciences in 1965, working as its Secretary and as its President until 1976. He made some significant findings in the field of sedimentary processes, classification of waters at great depth and the composition of the first karst-water map. Szádeczky introduced the geology of coal and geochemistry to Hungary and established the new genetic classification of igneous rocks through the introduction of the concept of trans-vaporization and the basis of the universal cycle law. He developed the basic concepts in mapping methods of metamorphites, the main direction of research and exploitation of the natural sources of power. He introduced the concept of plate tectonics as related to the Carpathian Region as well as the mantle-arch theory (as distinct from mantle diapir). Several of his perceptions about sedimentary processes are significant, as are also his classification of artesian waters, and the first compilation of a karst-water map. He founded the discipline of coal-petrology and geochemistry in Hungary. He was a Member of Parliament, Corresponding Member of the Presidium of the National Peace Council; Corresponding Member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Member of the Austrian Academy and Honorary Doctor of the University of Budapest (1981). He was Editor of Acta Geologica for many years. The number of his monographs and papers exceeds 200. His main works include Geologie der Kleinen Tiefebene (1938); Systematic Mineralogy (Rendszeres ásványtan) (1950); Coal-petrology (Szénkőzettan) (1952); Geochemistry (Geokémia) (1952); The Structure and Evolution of the Earth (A Föld szerkezete és fejlődése) (1968), and Geonomy (Geonómia) (1974). He was a recipient of the Leopold von Buch memorial medal (1983), the József Szabó medal of the Hungarian Geological Society, and the Kossuth Prize twice (1949, 1952). His vision and scope in the field of earth sciences is without parallel in Hungary. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456. Száhlender, Lajos (Louis) (Budapest, 27 April 1877 - Budapest, 16 March 1946) – Pharmacologist. He obtained a degree in Pharmaceutics from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in Transylvania in 1899 and received a Ph.D. in Pharmacology from the University of Budapest in 1901. From 1899 till 1905 he was a demonstrator at the Pharmaceutical Institute of the University of Budapest, and from 1905 until 1926 he was a chemistry teacher and Principal of the Commercial College of Budapest and, at the same time, Regional Superintendent of Budapest (1918-1926). From 1905 he was also a lecturer at the Pharmaceutical Training School and Specialized Pharmacist School. In 1915 the Ministry of Agriculture commissioned him to set up and organize an Experimental Station of Medicinal Plants. In 1926 he became an honorary lecturer. As a food chemist, he developed a so-called peroxide number system, for the uniform determination of fatty acids and oleic acids; this system is also used in international examinations (Száhlender’s peroxide number). The result of his work is the production of the János Hunyadi Bitter Water. He was also engaged in problems of developing the pharmaceutical industry and modernizing technical education. He was Editor of the journal, Hungarian Chemists’ Paper (Magyar Kémikusok Lapja). His works include Method for the Determination of Rancidity of Fats and Oils (Módszer zsírok és olajok avasságának meghatározására) (1932) and Natural, Isolated and Synthetic Aromatic Materials (Természetes, izolált és synthetikus illatos anyagok) (1942). – B: 1730, T: 7456. Szájer József (Sopron, 7 September 1961 - ) – Politician, lawyer. His parents were educators, who died in an accident in 1982. After completing his studies in the St. Stephen High School of Sopron, he did further studies in its English Department in 1980-1981: After his compulsory military training at Kalocsa in 1980-1981, he completed his tertiary studies at the Law School of the University of Budapest, majoring in Political Science and obtained a Ph.D. in 1986. In the same year he did further studies on a Soros scholarship at Baliol College, Oxford, while in 1988 he studied Law at the University of Michigan. From 1986 he was an assistant professor in the Roman Law Department and taught Constitutional Law in the Law School of the University of Budapest. In 1988 he became one of the founders and lawyer of the Society of Young Democrats (Fiatal Demokraták Szövetsége – FIDESZ). From October 1989, he was representative of FIDESZ at the Opposition Roundtable (Ellenzéki kerekasztal). From 1990 he was President of the Foundation of Democracy After Communism (DAC). At the 1990 elections in Hungary he became Member of Parliament, while at the 1994 and successive elections, he became Member of Parliament from party list; he was the FIDESZ fraction leader. Until the end of 1996, he participated in the preparatory work of the Constitution as Deputy President of the FIDESZ Party. From 2002 to 2004 he was Deputy Speaker of Parliament; also Observer at the European Parliament, and in 203-204 leader of the Hungarian delegation in the EPP Group. Since 2004 he is Member of the European Parliament with the Fidesz Party. Szájer is a signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism. In 2011 he led a team, which worked out the new Basic Laws (Constitution) for Hungary. He was awarded the Order of St Michael and St George, Knight Commander, by Queen Elizabeth II. – B: 1031, 1643, T: 7103.→Political Parties in Hungary (Fidesz Hungarian Civic Union Party). Szakács, Gábor (Gabriel) (Budapest, 3 April 1951 - ) – Composer, writer, journalist and runic writer researcher. After completing his high school studies, he studied tourism and tourist guiding in the English and German languages, then worked in tourism for over a decade as a guide, traveling all around the world. He educated himself in History, Folklore, and Archeology, helped by András (Andrew) Zakar, a history scholar, Roman Catholic priest and private secretary of Cardinal Mindszenty. Szakács is a member of the Association of Hungarian Catholic Journalists and a contributor to the weekly Hungarian Democrat (Magyar Demokrata). He also writes articles, studies and essays for other newspapers. He has conducted more than fifty interviews with individuals on themes of Hungarian history, among them Ferenc (Francis) Badiny Jós; ancient history researcher Lukács Daczó OFM; Sándor (Alexander) Forrai, the renowned runic writing researcher, György (George) Bulányi, the founder of the Bush Movement (Bokor Mozgalom), and Angela Marcantonio, an Italian linguist. Szakács uncovered the true history of the Regnum Marianum Church in Budapest, demolished by the Communist regime, as well as the fate of the famous Library of the Reformed College of Sárospatak, taken away by Soviet troops at the end of World War II. He is President of the National Alliance of Hungarian Runic Writers (Magyar Rovók és Rovásírók Országos Szövetsége), and leader of the Sándor Forrai Circle of Runic Writers (Forrai Sándor Rovásíró Kör). Since 2000 he has been the organizer of the annual Runic Writing Competition. Following the Szekler practice in Transylvania (Erdély, now in Romania), he organizes the erection of signboards with runic writing at the boundary of settlements. He has also produced short films on historical themes for the show Night Asylum (Éjjeli Menedékhely) on Hungarian Television, and for the Video TV of the Hungarian Democrat. He has made CD recordings: The Youth of Attila (Attila ifjúsága) (2003); Pagan Prayers (Pogány imák) (2006), and Rákóczi Lives (Rákóczi él) (2008). His books, co-authored with his wife Klára Friedrich, include Runic Writing: The Title-Deed of Our Carpathian Basin (Kárpát-medencei birtoklevelünk a rovásírás (2003); Chiseled in Stone, Carved in Wood (Kőbe vésték, fába rótták) (2005), and From Tászok Peak to the Bosnian Pyramids (Tászok-tetőtől a bosnyák piramisokig) (2007). – B: 1933, 1935, T: 7103.→Friedrich, Klára; Zakar, András; Badiny Jós, Ferenc; Forrai, Sándor; Bulányi, György; Mindszenty József; Runic Writing, Hungarian; Runic Writing Research. 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