Pestvidéki Ásványbánya Vállalat



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Szalay, László (Ladislas) (Buda, 18 April 1813 - Salzburg, 17 July 1864) – Historian, reform politician. He completed the courses at the Departments of Law and Philosophy of the University of Pest; he was the student of István (Stephen) Horvát, belonged to József (Joseph) Eötvös’ circle of friends, and he was a law-graduate employed by Ferenc (Francis) Kölcsey. In 1833 he obtained a Law Degree, but he did not practice law; he engaged rather in political science. Between 1836 and 1839 he went on a study trip to Austria, Germany, Belgium, France, Switzerland and England, studying the civic legal establishments abroad. Later, he became an archivist of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and, in 1837 he founded the first Hungarian periodical publication, the Themis, a large part of which he wrote himself. In 1840 Szalay became a recording secretary of the national committee sent out to enlarge the Criminal Code; he played an important role in the elaboration of the progressive procedural plans (common jury, publicity, oral procedure, bilateral hearing, etc.). In 1840, with József Eötvös and Móric (Maurice) Lukács, he edited the journal Budapest Review (Budapesti Szemle). At the Diet of 1843-1844, he was a deputy for Korpona. With Eötvös, he was a member of the centralist reform opposition group. During 1844 and 1845, in place of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth, he took over the redaction of Pest News (Pesti Hírlap). In his legal-philosophical works, especially in his studies on codification, he founded his idea on Hegelian philosophy. In his literary activity, he was one of the leaders of the centralists, and their activity considerably paved the way for the new civic system, the theoretical basis for the 1848 legislation. In the summer of 1848, at the Imperial meeting in Frankfurt, then also in London and Paris, he represented the Hungarian Government. After the 1848-1849 Revolution and the War of Independence, he stayed in Switzerland until 1855, spending his time working on the history of Hungary. In 1861 he represented the town of Pest in the Parliament. He was a member of the Kisfaludy Society (1837) and a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Magyar Tudományos Akadémia – MTA - corresponding 1836, ordinary 1838 also its secretary 1861). He was the publisher of the works of Antal (Antony) Verancsics, of the autobiography of János (John) Kemény and Sándor (Alexander) Károlyi. Szalay’s correspondence was published by Gábor (Gabriel) Szalay (1913). His works include On the Penal Procedure (A büntető eljárásról) (1841); Diplomatische Aktenstücke zur Beleuchtung der ungarischen Gesandtschaft in Deutschland (1849); On the Croatian Problem (A horvát kérdéshez) (1861), and Fiume in the Hungarian Parliament (Fiume [now Rijeka, Croatia] a magyar országgyűlésen) (1861). B: 0883, 1257; T: 7456.→Kölcsey, Ferenc; Eötvös, Baron József; Kossuth, Lajos; Deák, Ferenc; Verancsics, Antal; Kemény, János (2); Károlyi, Count Sándor.
Szalay, Sándor Sr. (Alexander) (Nyíregyháza, 22 October 1909 - 11 October 1987) – Physicist, founder of the Nuclear Physics School of Debrecen. He obtained a Degree in Education and in Mathematics and Physics from the University of Budapest. As a young researcher, he worked beside three Nobel-Prize scientists and, at the University of Szeged, he was a student of Albert Szent-Györgyi; at Leipzig, he studied in the Debye Institute and, at Cambridge University, as a research fellow, he studied under Rutherford. His research activity is mainly characterized by the experimental, empirical approach of natural phenomena, being especially engaged in building scientific instruments and special experimental equipment. From 1936 he continued his work in nuclear physics. The measuring equipment, developed with his colleagues, includes the electro-spectrometer of the toroid sector type; the alpha-spectrometer of great resolving power, and also Van de Graaff and cascade accelerators and the mass-spectrometer. He initiated in Hungary the application of physical methods of determining the age of rocks, as well as the use of isotopes in medical research and diagnostic practice. After World War II, collaborating with geologist Aladár Földváry, he started uranium research in Debrecen, using portable equipment, which led to the discovery of uranium deposits in Transdanubia. In this connection, he started to deal with natural enrichment processes of uranium, as well as the problems of providing trace elements for human and animal food-intake. According to him, his main life-achievement was the establishment of the Institute of Nuclear Research of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Debrecen. – B: 0872, 1031, 1408, T: 7456.→Szent-Györgyi, Albert.
Szalkai, László (Ladislas) (Zalka, Szalkán, Zalkarus) (Mátészalka, ca. 1475 - Mohács, 29 August 1526) – Archbishop. He was born into a family of serfs. He was educated at the school of the Augustine Order of Sárospatak. In 1494 he became a clerk at the Royal Court of Hungary; in 1504 he was deputy-treasurer; in 1511 a secretary of the Chancellery; in 1514 King Ulászló II (Wladislas, 1490-1516) appointed him Bishop of Vác, and between 1516 and 1526 he was Treasurer. King Lajos II (Louis, 1516-1526) appointed him Bishop of Eger. In 1524, King Lajos II made him Archbishop of Esztergom and Chief Chancellor. He and István (Stephen) Báthory led the Court Party; they succeeded in overthrowing György (George) Brandenburg, and the lawyer and politician István (Stephen) Werbőczy. Szalkay was a Renaissance prelate, who considered his ecclesiastical offices purely as sources of income, and delegated the assistant bishops to carry out his ecclesiastical duties. He was largely responsible for squandering the country’s inner assets, and at least partially responsible for the defeat by the Turks at Mohács in 1526. He died in that battle. – B: 0945, 0883, T: 7103.→Ulászló II, King; Lajos II, King; Werbőczy, Báthory, Prince István; Szalkai László’s Codex; Mohács, Battles (1).
Szalkay László’s Codex – László (Ladislas) Szalkay, Archbishop of Esztergom, wrote a large volume about his studies in Sárospatak. This is the oldest known Hungarian schoolbook about astronomy, physics, music theory, poetics and rhetoric. Its most valuable part is related to music. The work was edited and published in 1934 by Dénes (Denis) Bartha. – B: 1078, T: 3240.→Szalkai, László; Codex Literature.

Szalma, Ferenc (Francis) (Szeged, 19 March 1923 - Budapest, 19 September 2001) – Singer (base). He began his studies at the Music Conservatory of Szeged and completed them in Nürnberg and Bamberg. In 1952 he joined the National Theater (Nemzeti Szanház) of Szeged, first, as a member of the choir and, from 1957, as a soloist. Already in 1954 he made a successful appearance as Zarecki in Tchaikovsky’s Eugene Onegin. In 1963 he was contracted by the Opera House of Budapest; he became one of its most popular members until his retirement in 1983. He also took part in a number of recordings and scored a success as a singer in oratorios, e.g. in the Requiem of Mozart and Verdi, and Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony. His evocative interpretation and balanced voice proved most suited for great character roles. His roles included Wagner’s The Flying Dutchman (A bolygó hollandi); Marke in Wagner’s Tristan und Isolde; Sarastro in Mozart’s The Magic Flute (Varázsfuvola); in Glinka’s Ivan Susanin (A Life for the Tsar), and Rocco in Beethoven’s Fidelio. He received the Franz Liszt Prize in 1961, and the Meritorious Artist title of recognition in 1976. – B: 1445, 1679, T: 7456.
Szamos Nameless – (from the banks of River Szamos, 16th century) – Writer. An unknown person who wrote a satirical song about married life, the Adhortatio mulierum (1552). In vernacular: an amusing wedding song about females, written for the best man. It survived in the Lugossy Codex. – B: 1257, T: 3240.→Codex Literature.

Szamosi, Elza (Elsa) (Szamek) (Budapest, 8 March 1884 - Budapest, 14 July 1924) – Opera singer (dramatic soprano). She started her career in Germany. She began her successful career young, as an operetta prima donna.. She played at the Royal Theatre (Királyszínház) and the Folk Theatre (Népszínház), Budapest. Following performances in Leipzig and Berlin, she was a member of the Budapest Opera between 1904 and 1906, and again from 1908 until 1914, when she moved to Vienna with her husband, Béla Környei, where she taught singing, eventually returning to Budapest. She also performed in the USA in leading roles of Puccini operas. Her best years were between 1904 and 1914 in performing in Puccini operas. Her main roles were: Santuzza in Mascagni’s Cavalleria Rusticana (Parsztbecsület), in Puccini operas: Manon Lescaut, Madame Butterfly, Mimi in La Bohème, Tosca, Girl of The Golden West; also title role in Thomas’ Mignon; Martha in D’Albert’s Lowlands (Tiefland – A Hegyek alján); title role in K. Goldmark’s The Queen of Sheba, and title role in Bizet’s Carmen. She was one of the outstanding singers of the pre-Great War era. Her untimely death was a great loss for the Hungaian operatic life. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7667.→Környei, Béla.

Szamosi, Judit (Judith) (Budapest, 29 March 1955 - ) – Ballet dancer. She completed her course in the State Ballet School in 1974 and, in the same year she was engaged by the Operetta Theater (Operettszínház) of Budapest, where she has been the leading soloist. Her florid, decorative appearance and inspiring dance allowed her to present herself not only in the dancing interludes of operettas and musicals: Violetta, Fledermaus (Denevér), The Merry Widow (A víg özvegy), Gypsy Princess (Csárdáskirálynó), The Land of Smiles (A mosoly országa), etc., but also brought success to independent ballet productions of the theater. She had roles in: R. Bogár’s Bolero, Adagio; E. Géczy’s Little Snow White (Hófehérke), and L. Pártay’s The Carnival of the Animals (Az állatok farsangja), She received the Franz Liszt Prize (1990). – B: 1445, T: 7456.
Szamosközi, István (Stephen) Budapest, 27 April 1915 - Budapest, 25 April 2003) –Bishop of the Reformed Church. He graduated from the Reformed Lónyay High School, Budapest. In 1933 he was admitted to the Reformed Theological Academy, Budapest, from where he graduated in 1937 having obtained a teacher’s Certificate from the Reformed Teacher College, Nagykőrős in 1939. He received his ministerial Certificate in 1939. He was an assistant minister in Kiskunlacháta (1938-1939), Ráckeve (1939), Budapest-Kőbánya (1939-1940), Rákospalota (1940-1941), Kunszentmiklós (1941-1942), Dunavecse (1942-1949) and Óbuda (1949-1951). In 1951 and 1952 he was at the Office of the General Convent of the Reformed Church, Budapest, working at its Press and Foreign Relations Department, and as Editor of the periodical Hungarian Church Press. He was Parish Minister in Pécs from 1 September 1952 to 30 June 1956, and also Dean of the Baranya Deanery between November 1955 and June 1956. He became Parish Minister of the Gorkij-Fasor Congregation, Budapest, on 1 July 1956, and Dean of the Budapest-North Reformed Deanery. He also became Editor-in-Chief and publisher of the Reformed weeklies Way (Út) and Reformed Paper (Reformátusok Lapja). After the resignation of Bishop Albert Bereczky for health reason, Szamosközi was elected Bishop of the Danubian Reformed Church District, Budapest, on 11 February 1959. He served in this capacity till 1 September 1977. During his almost 20 years of service, amidst difficult political situations, he pursued the interest of his Church. In his retirement, he served as guest preacher mainly at the Budapest Pozsonyi-Street Congregation. He was Deputy President of the Reformed Synod, President of the Reformed Press Committee, President of the Special Council of Reformed Theological Academy of Budapest, Presidium Member of the World Federation of Hungarians, a Member of the Executive Committee of the Christian Peace Conference, and a Member of the Protective Body of the Mother-tongue Conference. His work includes many articles, stories in Hungarian, German and English in various church papers and periodicals including A Tiny House Stands on the Shore of the Great Danube (Kis lak áll a nagy Duna mentében), play in 4 scenes (1948); Confirmation Catechism, used countrywide (1957); From Step to Step (Lépésről lépésre) (1961); We Want and We Promise (Akarjuk, ígérjük), and Reformed Confession (9th edition 1959). He was a recipient of the Order of the Banner, Class IV of the People’s Republic of Hungary (1957). – B: 1910, 1925, T: 7103.

Szamosközy, István (Stephen) (Zamosius) (Kolozsvár, now Cluj-Napoca, Romania, 1570 - Gyulafehérvár, now Alba Iulia, Romania, 29 March 1612) – Historian. He was an aristocratic young man of poor means, who studied in Padua while a tutor. In 1593 in Padua, he published his first work on Roman inscriptions found in Transylvania. This is the first Hungarian work in archeology. By order of Prince István (Stephen) Bocskai of Transylvania, he became an archivist and court historian in Gyulafehérvár. From 1591 to 1593, during a visit to Italy, he discovered some Asian runic characters similar to the runic script of Transylvania in The Laurentian Library (Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana) in Florence. His account in the Analecta Lapidum: “There are very old volumes of this writing in the library of Etruria’s Grand Prince in Florence…Not only these runic scripts but also the Codex itself shows signs of antiquity; so the Europeans should give up the praise of their relatively new lead-type book printing, since this book, printed centuries earlier in these unknown characters, is an eloquent testimony for them that the Scythians were the inventors of this profession”. There is a runic alphabet on page 103 in István Rettegi’s Historia Transylvaniae Hungaricae with a Latin explanation. Its English translation: “The runic letters found at the Library of the Etruscan Prince are printed on Nile paper in a very old volume. The index of the book says that it is a very old typographical work with Scythian characters, in the Library of the Etruscan Prince that was apparently sent to Florence, to Pope Leo X, by the Scythian ruler of Quirino”. A copy of Rettegi’s work, dated 1740, is part of the Teleki Library and is at present in the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Szamosközy’s well-informed and critically styled works, although fragmentary, are important resources related to Transylvanian and Hungarian history. He was one of his era’s most distinguished Hungarian humanist historians. – B 0883, 1020, T: 3240.→Bocskai, Prince István; Runic Writing; Runic Writing, Hungarian; Runic Writing Research; Forrai, Sándor.
Szamota, István (Stephen) (Kunszentmiklós, 5 July 1867 - Budapest, 21 November 1895) – Linguist, historian. He worked at the National Archives, later at the National Museum. His early principal work, Early Travels in Hungary and the Balkan Penninsula 1054-1717 (Régi utazások Magyarországon és a Balkán félszigeten 1054-1717) was published at Nagybecskerek in 1892. He continued collecting medieval Hungarian language material by singling out Hungarian words in ancient documents. In 1894 he published the Wordlist of Schlägli from the Time of the first Quarter of 15th Century (Schlägli magyar szójegyzék XV. a század első negyedéből). On his death, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences obtained his estate, and Gyula (Julius) Zolnai edited his work in form of a dictionary: The Hungarian Document Dictionary (Magyar oklevél szótár), prepared between 1902 and 1904; it is an extraordinarily valuable collection of the most ancient Hungarian language word relics. – B: 1078, 1031, T: 7669.
Szamuely, Tibor (Szamuelly, originally Samuel) (Nyíregyháza, 27 December 1890 - Savanyúkút, now Bad Sauerbrunn, Burgenland, Austria, 2 August 1919) – Communist leader and journalist. He was born into a Jewish family, the eldest of five children. He studied at a high school in Győr, and graduated from there in 1908. He soon joined the Social Democratic Party. He joined the paper County Szabolcs (Szabolcs Vármegye) as a journalist. Then he worked at the newspaper Folk-voice (Népszava) and, because of an article he wrote, he was indicted and sentenced. He moved to Nagyvárad (now Oradea, Romania), then to Budapest. In 1914 he was drafted and sent to the Russian front, where he was captured in 1915. After the Russian Communist Revolution of 1917, he was released and he became a Communist. With Béla Kun, he worked among the Hungarian prisoners of war, persuading them to join the Red Army and fight in the Russian Civil War. He was in Budapest at the outbreak of the Communist revolution on 21 March 1919. After forming a government, he became one of the leaders of the Hungarian Council (Soviet) Republic, filling various positions, finally becoming People’s Commissar for Military Affairs and leader of the Red Terror combat group. Toward the end of May, he made a trip to Moscow by airplane and met with Lenin. With his commandos, the dreaded “Lenin Boys” (Lenin fiúk), he introduced the reign of terror. They hunted down the counter-revolutionaries and, after a brief mock trial, many of them were hanged or shot. The number of their victims is estimated to be between 300 and 600. When the regime collapsed, Szamuely tried to escape to Austria. He was caught near the border by the Austrian authorities and was either killed, or committed suicide. In Communist Hungary (1948-1989), a street in Budapest was named after him; in 1990 the street reverted to its old name, Lónyay Street. – B: 1860, 1031, T: 7103.→Council (Soviet) Republic of Hungary; Lenin Boys of Hungary; Solt, Gallows of; Kun, Béla.
Számwald, Gyula (Stahel, Julius H.) (Szeged-Alsóváros, 25 September 1825 - Arlington, USA, 4 December 1912) – Bookseller, army officer. He settled in Pest as bookseller and publisher’s assistant, later becoming his partner. He was on friendly terms with the great lyric poet Sándor (Alexander) Petőfi, and took part in the 15 March Revolution of 1848. After the outbreak of the War of Independence from Austrian rule, he was a second lieutenant in Richard Guyon’s battalion. At the Battle of Branyiszkó Pass (Guyon’s great victory), Számwald was seriously wounded and received a military decoration. After the capitulation at Világos, he fled to Germany and worked as a journalist in Leipzig. G. Emich managed to obtain the ways and means for him to return to Hungary, where he could continue his book-publishing business. Because of his difficult financial situation and his family tragedy, he emigrated in 1855 to London, where he continued his journalistic work and assumed the name Stahel. In the following year, he sailed to the USA and became an associate of the Illustrated News. In 1861, after the outbreak of the American Civil War, he organized the 8th New York Regiment of the Northerners, which he commanded as a Lieutenant-Colonel. In November of the same year, he became a Brigadier-General; in 1863 he became Commander of an Army Corps and Lieutenant-General. Robert E. Lee’s troops were already in front of Washington when, at the head of his cavalry, with his famous death charge, he decided the outcome of the battle, but was seriously wounded. After that, he was President of the Military Tribunal; from 1865 to 1869 he worked at the US Consulate in Japan and, in 1877 in Shanghai, and from 1885 until his death, he was an insurance official. For the heroism he showed in the 5 June 1864 Battle of Piedmont, he received the Congressional Medal of Honor. – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Petőfi, Sándor; Guyon, Richard.
Szana, Sándor (Alexander) (Temesvár, now Timişoara, Romania, 18 August 1868 - Budapest, 3 May 1926) – Physician and pediatrician. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). He became a practicing physician at Temesvár, where he established a Foundlings’ Hospital in 1899, as well as a Maternity Pediatric Clinic for outpatients in 1900. He launched the first child welfare course of lectures. From 1909 to 1921 he was Director of the State Home for Destitute Children. In 1898 he started a short-lived paper on health information, entitled Unsere Gesundheit (Our Health) at Temesvár. His works include Effect of the Blood on Septic Materials. (A vér hatása a fertőző anyagokra) (1892), Die Bewertung der Säuglingssterblichkeitsziffern (The Assessment of Infant Mortality Figures) (1916). – B: 1730, T: 7456.
Szana, Tamás (Thomas) (Tiszafüred, 1 January 1844 - Budapest, 11 February 1908) – Writer, art historian, reviewer. He read Law at the University of Debrecen and, in 1867 he obtained his Law Degree from the University of Pest, but chose not to work in the legal field; instead, he devoted all his time to literature. From the time of the foundation of the Petőfi Society in 1876, he was its Secretary. From 1901 he was a member of the Kisfaludy Society, and Director of the scientific theater Uránia. He was Editor of the papers Observer (Figyelő) from 1871; Home (Otthon) from 1875; Teller of Fables (Regélő) in 1876; Petőfi Society Journal (Petőfi Társaság Lapja) during 1877-1878, and the Wreath (Koszorú) between 1879 and 1885. In these and other papers he published many articles reflecting the demand of civic progress. With Sándor (Alexander) Endrődi, he edited the Petőfi Album. His studies dealing with fine arts are particularly significant. Szana’s critiques and reviews on fine arts were partly written under the pseudonyms Scriptor and Turul. His works include Biography of Csokonai (Csokonai életrajza) (1869); The two Kisfaludys (A két Kisfaludy) (1876); The Book in Old Times and at Present (A könyv régen és most) (1888); Hungarian Art in our Century (A magyar művészet századunkban) (1890); Mrs. Petőfi, née Júlia Szendrey (Petőfiné Szendrey Júlia) (1891), and A Hundred Years in the History of Hungarian Art 1800 – 1900 (Száz év a magyar művészet történetéből, 1800-1900) (1901). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Markó, Károly; Izsó, Miklós; Jankó, János Sr.
Szaniszló, Ferenc (Francis) (Csenger, 7 October 1960 - ) – Journalist. He is a descendant of a family of teachers; was raised and educated in Csegold and Fehérgyarmat, and completed his university studies in Moscow. From 1986 he became the Moscow reporter of the paper Hungarian News (Magyar Hírlap). Later, he became the foreign affairs associate of Hungarian Television program Panorama, where he worked with András (Andrew) Sugár and Lajos (Louis) Chrudinák. Szaniszló became widely known in the 1990s, working as a war correspondent on the South-Slav fronts. He was the first to report on the destruction of Szentlászló and other Hungarian villages at the hands of Serbian terrorists during the war. He was also on the war zones of the Caucasus, Chernobil, Iraq, and Kurdistan. Between February 2005 and February 2007, he was Editor of the News Service of Duna Television. Since 25 August 2008 he has been Editor and Programmer of World-Panorama of the foreign affairs program of Echo TV. He published a book on the death of Stalin and Beria, entitled Fever State (Lázállam) in 1989. He is the co-author of two volumes published by Hungarian News: one entitled To Be A Hungarian (Magyarnak lenni) (1987), and the other with the title Stalin (1988). From its inception he has been regular contributor to the daily with the widest circulation, entitled Metropol. He has two films to his credit: on the mass-murder in Sebrenica, and the unveiling of the secret Carpathian Soviet radar station, both recognized at the international TV festival of Monte Carlo. He received a number of festival prizes; one for the document-film on the Chernobil Zone, which received the Czech festival prize; in 1992 he received the Sándor Petőfi Press Freedom Prize and, in 2000, he received the Europe Medal for Civic Journalism. – B: 1031, 2110, T: 7456.→Sugár, András; Chrudinák, Alajos; Hornyik, Miklós.

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