Pestvidéki Ásványbánya Vállalat


Széchenyi, Count Zsigmond



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Széchenyi, Count Zsigmond (Sigismund) (Nagyvárad, now Oradea, Romania, 23 January 1898 - Budapest, 24 April 1967) – World traveler, hunter and writer. His tertiary studies were between 1919 and 1923 at Munich, Stuttgart and Cambridge. In 1927 he started on his first African hunting and collecting trip in Sudan. His later expeditions led to East Africa; he traveled in Kenya, Egypt, Tanganyika, Uganda and Libya. In 1935 he hunted in Alaska, in 1937 in India, and again in Egypt. From 1947 to 1950 he was the hunting inspector of the Forestry Center (Erdészeti Központ). In 1951 he was an Associate at the Agricultural Museum (Mezőgazdasági Múzeum), later, at the Helikon Library of Keszthely (Keszthelyi Helikon Könyvtár). In 1960 he took part in the East African expedition of the National Museum, which partially restored the natural scientific collection, destroyed during World War II, and the 1956 Revolution. In 1964, he went on his ninth East-African journey, this time to Kenya, with his wife; from there he again returned with rich material and, with his sharp-eyed observation, described in his writings the customs of the various peoples he met. His books appeared in several editions, in six languages, and in nearly one million copies. His works include Elephant Country (Elefántország) (1934) and The Way It Began (Ahogy elkezdődött) (1961). – B: 0883, T: 7456.
Széchy, Mária (?, 1610 - Kőszeg, 18 July 1679) – The “Venus of Murány”, the lady and owner of the Castle of Murány. First, she was the wife of Count István (Stephen) Iktári Bethlen, Prince of Transylvania, then of Baron István (Stephen) Rosályi Kun, and finally, in 1644, under adventurous circumstances at the Castle of Murány, she married Count Ferenc (Francis) Wesselényi, the Palatine of Hungary and military commander of Emperor Ferdinand III (1637-1657). After the Habsburg Government dissolved the conspiracy organized by her husband, she was interned in Vienna, and all her property was confiscated in 1671. In her last years, she received an imperial pension of good grace. The history of her marriage with Wesselényi has been written in the form of a poem by István (Stephen) Gyöngyösi (first published in 1664). – B: 0883, 1068, T: 7456.→Wesselényi Conspiracy.
Széchy, Tamás (Thomas) (Doboz, 27 March 1931 - Budapest, 13 September 2004) – Swim coach. He studied at the Reformed High School of Mezőtúr. Early in his career he was an athlete; later he became weightlifter. In 1962, when he began to be associated with the sport of swimming, he joined the water-polo team of the Central Sports and Youth Club (Központi Sport és Ifjúsági Egyesület – KSI SE). András (Andrew) Hargitay became prominent in the team built up by Széchy. In the 1972 Olympics, he earned a bronze medal in the 400 m mixed swimming. In 1969 it was Széchy who organized the age group system in Hungary. In 1970 he obtained the sports coach and trainer diploma, later becoming a master-trainer. Early in the 1970s, the students of Széchy, like Wladár, Hargitay and Virrasztó, continuously brought success from the international competitions, arriving home with medals. Toward the end of the 1980s, a whole series of success came: Czene, Darnyi, Rózsa, Szabó and more students of Széchy won medals in international competitions. He continued as a trainer until 2000, even after he was made the captain of the Hungarian swimming selected team in 1976. Later he was a coach in various other teams. – B: 1031, T: 7456.→ Most of the persons mentioned above have their own entries.
Szécsi, Dénes (Denis) (Széchy) (Felsőlendva, now Grad, Slovenia ca. 1400 - Esztergom, 1 February 1465) – Cardinal, Primate-Archbishop of Esztergom. He studied at the University of Vienna (1433) and studied Canon Law at the University of Bologna (1434), continued in Padua (1438), and rapidly rose in the hierarchy. He was Bishop of Nyitra (1438), Bishop of Eger (1439-1440), Primate Archbishop of Esztergom (1440-1465), and was made Cardinal in 1452, Papal Legate in 1453, and Chief Chancellor of the Court during 1453 to 1465. He crowned King László V (Ladislas) (1453-1457). He also crowned King Ulászló I (Wladislas) (1440-1444) and, after his death, he supported the regency of János (John) Hunyadi (1446-1453). He crowned King Mátyás I (Matthias Corvinus) (1458-1490). He was a strong opponent of the Hussite sect. He attended three papal conclaves in Rome. Szécsi was the first to use the title Primate of Hungary. In 1453 he rebuilt the Cathedral at Esztergom and bequeathed large sums for its maintenance. He was a fine orator. He was buried at Esztergom, where his headstone stands even today. – B: 0883, 0945, T: 7103.→Mátyás I, King; Hunyadi, János.
Szécsi, Margit (Margaret) (Budapest, 28 May 1928 - Budapest, 23 November 1990) – Poetess. She was the wife of the poet László (Ladislas) Nagy. She completed her high school education in Budapest; then worked as a civil servant between 1945 and 1948. In 1948, as a college student, she started a Bachelor of Arts course at the University of Budapest. Her first poem appeared in the journal, New Times (Új Idők), followed by more verses in Star (Csillag). She became a contributor to Star, thereby interrupting her university studies. In 1952 she was a manual worker at Dunapentele, which was just being built; she was interested in the reconstruction after the war. Later, she was involved in cultural activity, which led to her taking upon herself the running of a cultural center in Pécs. From 1953 on, she lived from her writings. She belonged to the “53-generation”. In the beginning it was her suburban experiences that determined her creativity. The “new popular”, i.e. the poetic revolution of Ferenc Juhász, László Nagy and others exerted influence on her art. The power of lyrics is the attitude of a person suffering from his ideals and defending his ideas. Her poetry is related to that of László Nagy, her husband, but it also exhibits some heritage from Attila József and Lajos Kassák. She first appeared with a volume of poems in 1955, entitled March (Március), from where, later in her career, her characteristic form of work, the “long poem”, increasingly developed. Her love-poetry is one of the strong points of her artistic world. Her poems, with suggestive symbolisms are enduring in value. Her other works include Beach of Angels (Angyalok strandja) (1956); The Large Flower-Slashing Machine (A Nagy Virágvágó Gép) (1969); The Pink Jeep (A Rózsaszínű Dzsip)(1982); What do you take, River (Mit viszel, folyó) selected poems (1978), and Poet on the Moon (Költő a holdban) (containing all her poems, 1984). She was awarded the Attila József Prize (1957, 1968, 1977). – B: 0883, 1257; T: 7456.→Nagy, László; Juhász, Ferenc; József, Attila; Kassák, Lajos.
Szecsődi, Irén (Irene) (Budapest, 6 June 1917 - Budapest, 20 June 2001) – Opera singer (soprano). She completed her studies under Imre (Emeric) Molnár at the Ferenc (Franz) Liszt Academy of Music, Budapest between 1941 and 1947, and she was engaged by the Opera House of Budapest (Operaház) in 1947, where for 25 years she was one of the most versatile artists. She was introduced as the First Lady in Mozart’s Magic Flute. In the course of her singing career she sang almost all the major roles of the opera repertoire with great success. The charm of her personality and the noble timbre of her voice were combined with high stylistic ability and role-modeling. Her singing art was preserved on a number of recordings, e.g. in works by F. Liszt, Z. Kodály and S. Szokolay. Her roles included Violetta in Verdi’s La Traviata; Pamina and First Lady in Mozart’s Magic Flute (Varázsfuvola); Liu in Puccini’s Turandot; Mimi in Puccini’s La Bohème (Bohémélet); Sulamit in Goldmark’s The Queen of Sheba (Sába királynője); Marguerite in Gounod’s Faust, and Empress in Kodály’s Háry János. She often appeared also in oratorio concerts. She was made life-member of the Opera House of Budapest in 1990. She was awarded the Franz Liszt Prize in 1952 and 1959, and received the Merited Artist title in 1967. – B: 1439, 1445, T: 7456.→Liszt, Ferenc; Kodály, Zoltán; Szokolay, Sándor.
Szeged – Largest and leading town of the Great Hungarian Plain, near its center, on the banks of the Tisza River, downstream west of its confluence with the tributary Maros, the seat of County Csongrád. The population of Szeged was 102,991 in 1901 (ethnically Hungarian and denominationally largely Roman Catholic); 136,375 in 1941 (ethnically 98.5% Hungarian, by denominations 88.1% Catholic, 5.2% Reformed, 4.1% Jewish); 174,000 in 1983, and 162,889 in 2005. In the middle of the 20th century 36.4% of the inhabitants lived as primary producers, 23.4% from industry, 11.3% from commerce and transport, 8.8% from public service and freelancing, 8.2% from pension and capital, and 5.7% from day labor. Of the 200,000-acre limits of the town (1939), 110,000 acres were arable land, 1800 acres gardens, 39,000 acres pasture land, 13,600 acres vineyards, 11,000 acres forests, and 1000 acres reeds (marsh). The livestock consisted of 12,975 cattle, 10,912 horses, 18,209 pigs and 15,934 sheep. Fishing in the river Tisza is considerable and, within the town’s limits, there was the artificial fish breeding in the 1412-acre Fehértó (White Lake) of Szeged. 25% of the inhabitants of Szeged engaged in agriculture, lived on isolated farms (tanya) within the municipal area of the town. The industry of the town is represented by a number of large firms, though those working in the different forms of small-scale industry still amounts to more than 3500. Szeged is famous for its paprika and its Pick Salami. The more important industrial firms include ironworks, hardware factories, machine-shops, brick yards, tile production, factories making furniture, leather, woven and knitwear, footwear, tobacco, flour-mills, paprika mills, bakery, salami, soap, vinegar and canned-food factories. Commerce declined considerably after the disastrous events of 1920 (dismemberment of the historic Kingdom of Hungary), the town was largely cut off from its commercial background area. However, the town’s importance as a river-crossing place remained, situated at the confluence of two large rivers, the Tisza and the Maros. The railway reached Szeged in 1854. A number of nearby villages like Tápé, Kiskundorozsma and Szentmihálytelek, were annexed to Szeged in 1973, as was the practice during the Communist era. Szeged is the educational and commercial center of the southern part of Hungary with a variety of schools: 18 High Schools, a Teachers’ College, a Roman Catholic Theological Academy, and some specialized schools, as well as 62 kindergartens. The University of Szeged incorporated the University of Kolozsvár from Transylvania, transferred as a result of the Dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon (1920). Famous buildings include the Dömötör Tower (13th century), the Reök Palace, the Water Tower, the Gothic Franciscan Church (15th c.), the Serbian Orthodox Church (1773-1778), the Baroque-style Minorite Church (18th c.) and the Fekete Ház (Black House). In addition to the Botanical Garden of the University, the Szeged Zoo, the Móra Ferenc Museum and the libraries, there are active scientific, literary and artistic societies. The artesian fountain of the inner town provides alkaline thermal water of 50.45°C, the medicinal Anna mineral water for the treatment of tracheitis, stomach hyperacidity and kidney stones. After the flood of 1879, Szeged was rebuilt, based on a regular, organized town plan: two concentric ring boulevards cut by seven radiating avenues. Two dike belts and a 9.5 m high ring dike was constructed on the periphery of Szeged. The large Széchenyi Square of the inner town center is situated between the Lajos Tisza Ring-Boulevard and the Tisza River. The Town Hall overlooks the square. Statues of Count István Széchenyi, Pál Vásárhelyi, Count Lajos Tisza and Ferenc Deák are on the lawn among flowerbeds. Further south on the Klauzál Square stand the central building of the University of Szeged, and the statue of Lajos (Louis) Kossuth. The large Cathedral Square is surrounded by the Episcopal Palace, the Votive Church (the cathedral of the bishopric of Csanád) with a spacious frontage for open-air theatrical performances. The equestrian statue of Prince Rákóczi stands on Gizella Plaza. The hospital clinics are on the banks of the Tisza River in the town-center. North of the main road bridge, the National Theater, the Educational Palace (comprising the Municipal Museum and the Somogyi Library with 150,000 volumes) and the Stefánia Promenade line the Móra Square. The Promenade shows remnants of the one-time fortress of Szeged, with the statues of Queen Elizabeth (spouse of Francis Joseph) and Pista (Steve) Dankó. The Reformed and Lutheran Churches and the municipal baths are on the Lajos Tisza Ring Boulevard. The Jesuit Monastery and church, as well as the Synagogue are situated between the two concentric ring boulevards. Outside them lies the Lower Town (Alsóváros). On the left (southern) banks of the River Tisza is the suburb called New Szeged (Újszeged). Historically, the town was established, in all probability, during the Magyar conquest of the Carpathian Basin (895-900), built on earthworks (earth-fortifications) found on site. Attila must have had his seat near this town. It was north of Szeged, at Pusztaszer (or possibly at Alpár) that the first national assembly of the Magyar tribal leaders under Khagan Árpád was held. In the Middle Ages, it was a military stronghold; and during the reign of the Árpád dynasty kings (10th to 13th century) a flourishing trade center. It was destroyed by the Tartars and later by the Ottoman Turks. In 1178, the town was already a royal salt-depot, later becoming the Treasury and the Mint during the reign of King Béla III. After the Mongol devastation it was rebuilt under King Béla IV (1235-1270), who raised the town to royal borough status and strengthened it with a fortified castle, built of stone. To replace the decimated population, he settled Bulgars, Greeks and Serbs in the town; in the Plains (pusztas) north of it he settled Cumanians. King Zsigmond (Sigismund of Luxembourg, 1387-1437) had a wall built around the town early in the 15th century. In 1498 it was made a royal free borough. The town was under Turkish rule from 1542 to 1686. In 1708, the bubonic plague ravaged the town; in 1712 the flooding Tisza devastated it. Early in the 18th century, the town grew and prospered, though in the same century it burned down and was flooded 8 times. Piarist monks arrived in 1719 and opened a new grammar school in 1721. The witch trials were frequent between 1728 and 1744. The Viennese government settled Germans, Serbs and Dalmatians to increase the sparse population. During the War of Independence (1848-1849) Szeged was one of the bases for the Hungarian military operations in Southern Hungary. It was here that Lajos (Louis) Kossuth opened one of his orations by saying: ”People of Szeged, pride of my nation” on 4 October 1848. The flood disaster of 1879 destroyed almost the entire town: only 297 houses remained habitable out of 5595, and 165 people perished. The Emperor-King Francis Joseph (Ferenc József) 1849-1916 visited the town and his words of encouragement “Szeged will be so much finer a town than before” combined with the public contributions (presents and donations from the nation, indeed from the whole western world, amounting to 2.9 million gulden) helped to rebuild the ravaged town and it was rebuilt in a planned, organized pattern. At the end of World War I, when the French military units concluded their occupation of the southern part of Hungary, it was at Szeged, on 1 March 1920, that the counter-revolutionary government, headed by Admiral Miklós Horthy (the future Regent) was formed. In 1921, the University of Kolozsvár was transferred to Szeged; the development of this University in its new seat at Szeged was significantly helped by the large-scale building constructions initiated by Count Kunó Klebelsberg. The University of Szeged became outstanding among the Universities in the Carpathian Basin. Szeged is the birthplace of Gábor (Gabriel) Agárdy, András (Andrew) Dugonics, Jenő (Eugen) Huszka, Gyula (Julius) Juhász, Géza Maróczy, László (Ladislas) Paskai, István (Stephen) Tömörkény and Vilmos (William) Zsigmond. The careers of Kálmán (Coloman) Mikszáth, Géza Gárdonyi and Lajos Pósa began in Szeged. – B: 1031, 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Most of the persons have their own entries.
Szegedi, Gergely (Gregory) (Szeged, 12 March 1537 - Eger, 20 December 1566) – Hymnwriter and preacher of the Reformed Church. After the Turks occupied his town, Szeged in 1543, he escaped with his family. Later, he taught undergraduate students at Debrecen; from 1556 he studied at the University of Wittenberg, with the support of Márton (Martin) Kálmáncsehi Sánta and Péter Petrovics. Here appeared his first work on the Lord’s Supper, entitled Epistola ad …Petrum Petrouuit (1557). In the same year, he became a pastor in Debrecen. Due his radical view in theology, he disagreed with Péter Méliusz-Juhász, and left for Tokaj for a while (1563). Finally, from 1564 he became a pastor in Eger. He edited a hymnbook for the Debrecen Reformed congregation, published in Debrecen in 1569, which contains ten Psalm translation-paraphrases and five hymns written by him. His poem entitled The Hungarians’ Lament on Tartars’ Robbery (A magyaroknak siralmas éneke a tatár rablásáról) (1566), depicts the terrible rampage of the Turks around Tokaj, and the cruel fate of men, women and children dragged away. Szegedi was an excellent poet, even Bálint Balassi learned from him. – B: 1257, 1680, T: 7103.→Kálmáncsehi Sánta, Márton; Méliusz Juhász, Péter; Balassi, Bálint.

Szegedi Kis, István (Stephen) (Szeged, 1505 - Ráckeve, 2 May 1572) – Reformer and poet. His tertiary studies were at the Universities of Vienna, Krakow and Wittenberg; at the last one he obtained a doctorate in 1543. The following year he returned to Hungary, but had to flee from Frater György (George Martinuzzi), the fanatically Catholic Cardinal and statesman, and had to settle in areas of Hungary under Ottoman Turk occupation, working as minister and preacher in Csanád, Cegléd, Gyula, Mezőtúr and Temesvár (now Timişoara, Romania). In 1552, Mihály (Michael) Sztárai ordained him to be a pastor in Tolna. From 1554 he worked as a pastor and, in the same year, he became Superintendent of the new Church District of Baranya. From 1558 he worked as a preacher in Kálmáncsa in southern Transdanubia. During 1561 and 1563 he was in a Turkish prison in Pécs and Szolnok. The merchant Ferenc (Francis) Mező bailed him out on condition that he would be Parish Minister in Ráckeve (1564); from there he also acted as Superintendent; he was active there until his death. He is best known as a church organizer. He was the organizer of the Helvetian (Calvinist) Reformation in Hungary. His theological works were published in Geneva and Basel, and include Assertio vera de Trinitate (1573) and Confessio verae fidei (1588). A foundation in Szeged and a High School in Mezőtúr bear his name. – B: 0883, 0931, 1031, 1257, T: 7456.→Martinuzzi, György; Sztárai, Mihály; Skaricza, Máté.
Szegedi, Sándor (Alexander) (Izsák, southwest of Kecskemét, 6 December 1921 - Kecskemét, 4 December 1986) – Grape improver. He completed his tertiary gardening studies at the Department of Horticulture and Viticulture of the Agricultural University of Gödöllő, obtaining his diploma in 1946. First, he worked in a tree nursery; then, from 1950 until his retirement in 1981, in the Research Institute of Viticulture and Oenology of Kecskemét. From 1951 he was an active grape improver of the Research Institute at Katonatelep, north of Kecskemét; from 1962 was its Head. From 1972 to 1977, he was Director of the Research Station of Kecskemét, later a Sientific Deputy Director of the Institute. From 1959 he was head of the program to develop grapes of superior strains. He obtained a Ph.D. in Agriculture in 1978. His objective was to devolp a strain which ripens earlier, has good productivity, larger clusters, larger berries, in combination with quality. With his co-workers he produced 40,000 hybrids, from among which, especially the types Favorit, Boglárka, Rekord and Winter (Téli) Muscat grapes brought him great success. In 1969 he started to develop a resistance against plant diseases; one results of this became the strain called Muscat of Pölöske Grape (Pölöskei muskotály szölő), recognized officially. He was a member of the Municipal Council of Kecskemét. In recognition of his work, he was awarded the János Mathiász Prize. He was author of From the Plantation of Grapes to the Harvest (A szőlő telepítésétől a szüretig), co-authored with Sándor Horváth (1965). – B: 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Kocsis, Pál; Mathiász, János.
Szegedy, László (Ladislas) (Budapest, 4 February 1933 - Budapest, 5 August 1997) – Physician and neurologist. He obtained his Medical Degree at the University of Budapest in 1956. He became co-worker in the No. II. Neurological and Psychiatric Clinic from 1957 to 1984. In 1979 he became a professor at the University of Budapest; from 1984, he was Head of the Department of Neurology at the Uzsoki Street Hospital. From 1990 to 1995 he was Head of the Outpatients’ Department and Director of the Hospital. From 1975, he was a judicial specialist; from 1980 a forensic physician and, from 1984, neurological examiner of the National Medical Specialist Committee. He was a member of numerous specialist societies both national and foreign. He dealt with oncological, tumor-related illnesses of the central nervous system, with neuro-immunology and electro-physiology, and the treatment of acute cerebro-vascular illnesses, as well as with relationships of the cerebral metabolism. His publications appeared in Hungarian and foreign journals. – B: 1730, T: 7456.

Szegedy-Maszák, Aladár (Budapest, 19 November 1903 - Washington, DC. USA, 25 March 1988) – Diplomat. In 1927 he received a Degree in Economics from the University of Budapest. In 1927 and 1928 he studied at the University of Heidelberg, and at the École Libre des Sciences Politiques of Paris. Between 1928 and 1937 he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From 1937 until 1942, he was Secretary of the Hungarian Embassy in Berlin. In 1943 and 1944, he was Deputy Director, then Director of the Political Department of the Ministry Foreign Affairs. In 1943 he played a prominent role in the secret negotiations of the Miklós (Nicholas) Kállay Government and the Allied Forces for a separate peace agreement. After the German occupation of Hungary on 19 March 1944, he was arrested by the Gestapo and deported to Dachau; he returned in 1945. From 1945 to 1947 he was a Hungarian diplomat in Washington. As a member of the Hungarian peace-delegation in Paris (1946-1947) he tried to prevent the relocation of 200,000 Hungarians from Slovakia in a population exchange program. In 1947 he resigned his post and settled in Washington. Between 1950 and 1969, he worked for the Voice of America Radio. His memoirs have been published. – B: 0883, 2104, T: 7667.→Kállay, Miklós.
Szegedy-Maszák, Mihály (Michael) (Budapest, 23 June 1943 - ) – Literary historian. He studied at the Arts Faculty of the University of Budapest majoring in English and Hungarian Literature, and earned his Dip. Ed. in Education in 1966. In the same year, he attended the University of Cambridge for post-graduate studies. In 1967 he received his Ph.D. from the University of Budapest. Thereafter, up to 1981, he worked as a research fellow in the Institute of Literature of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 1981 he became an assistant professor at the Department of History of Literature at the University of Budapest, in 1990 becoming full professor. Between 1992 and 1994, he became Chair of 19th Century Literature, and obtaining the Chair of Comparative Literature in 1994, which he held until 2008. He was a visiting professor at a number of universities abroad, e.g. at King’s College, Cambridge (1979-1980). He was appointed Professor of Literary History, Indiana University in 1991. He was editor of the periodicals, the Hungarian Studies, New Literary History in 1987, and the Protestant Review (Protestáns Szemle) in 1992. He was also a member of the editorial committees of Arcadia, Across Languages and Cultures, and of the Philology Bulletin (Filológiai Közlöny) in 2008. From 1992 to 1996 he was a member of the Hungarian Scholarship Committee. Szegedy-Maszák became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (corresponding 1993, ordinary 1998); became President of the Literary Committee of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and was elected member of the European Academy in 1995. His fields of research are: theory of the novel, comparative literature, Hungarian literature from the 19th to the 21st centuries, and comparative study of the trends in literature and art. He played an important role in having this comparative study of literature in its Hungarian heritage recognized in other countries. He particularly liked to deal with the works and achievements of Zsigmond (Sigismund) Kemény and Dezső (Desider) Kosztolányi. His works include Zsigmond Kemény (1989); World View and Style (Világkép és stílus) (1980); Sándor Márai (1991); Literary Canons (2001), and Histories of Hungarian Literature vols. i-iii (A magyar irodalom történetei, I-III), editor (2007). He was awarded a Ph.D. in 1989. His distinctions include The Middle Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (1997), the Széchenyi Prize (2003), and the Ágnes Nemes-Nagy Essay Prize (2008). – B: 0874, 1031, T: 7456.→Kemény, Baron Zsigmond; Kosztolányi, Dezső; Márai, Sándor.


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