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- Trianon Peace Treaty; Magyar, Pál; Freedom Fight of 1956. Sopron, Flower Song of
- Horthy, István de Nagybánya . Sörös, Béla
- Trianon Peace Treaty.
- South America, the Discovery of
- Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J.; Lendl, Adolf. South America, Hungarian Missionaries of
- Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J.; Brentán, Károly S.J. Southern Hungary
- Yugoslavia; Trianon Peace Treaty; Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians; Atrocities against Hungarians. Southern Hungary, Hungarians of Voivodina
- Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians; Atrocities against Hungarians; Trianon Peace Treaty. Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians
- Southern Hungary, Hungarians of Voivodina; Atrocities against Hungarians.
Sopron Division – Is the name of the Forestry Faculty of the Mining and Forestry University of Sopron. After the crushed Revolution in 1956, the entire Faculty with 14 faculty members and 200 students emigrated to Canada in 1957 to join the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, where they formed the so-called Sopron Division. The history of forestry education in Hungary dates back to 1809, when Forestry was added to the existing Academy of Mining in Selmecbánya (now Banská Štiavnica, Slovakia), an old mining town. In 1918, the birth of Czechoslovakia was announced, and the Czech troops invaded the northern part of Hungary where Selmecbánya was located. These events forced the entire School – professors and students – to move first to Budapest, and in March 1919 to Sopron, where it stayed after the 1920 Trianon Peace Dictate, which ceded the Upland of Hungary, including Selmecbánya to Czechoslovakia. A large number of students of Sopron were involved in the events of the 1956 Revolution, organizing shipments of medicine, food, blood, and other supplies from Sopron to Budapest, which were brought to Sopron from Austria by the Red Cross. On 4 November 1956, Soviet tanks and troops invaded Budapest and all major cities. Attempts to resist the approaching Soviet tanks in Sopron were futile. About 450 students and 50 professors and their families left Sopron fleeing across the opened borders to Austria. Of these, about 250 were from the Forestry School. This was not a planned departure. It happened quickly as the events of November 1956 unfolded. In Austria, Kálmán (Colman) Roller, the dean of the Faculty of Forestry, did everything he could to keep the group together, until they return to Hungary. When it became clear that the Hungarian Forestry School could not stay in Austria permanently, Dean Roller sent letters to twenty countries explaining the situation. Among the replies Canada's response was the most promising. The Faculty of Forestry at the University of British Columbia (UBC) offered to “adopt” the Sopron Faculty of Forestry and guaranteed its maintenance for five years until the current students graduated. They had also guaranteed that the education would be continued in Hungarian, gradually changing to English courses by UBC professors. After several lengthy debates a large proportion of the students and faculty members decided to accept Canada’s offer. While some returned to Sopron, and others stayed in Europe to continue their studies, 14 faculty members and 200 students left for Canada on 1 January 1957, to establish the new school, the Sopron Division of the Faculty of Forestry at UBC. After arrival, the group settled in Powell River for “conditioning”: studying English and learning the “Canadian ways of life”. The first academic year began at UBC in September 1957, which was a difficult period for both students and faculty. Classes were held in old army huts. Their situation created a determination among Soproners and helped to develop a special family-like relationship between them. By May 1961 the last class had graduated from the Sopron Division to make the total number of graduates 141. As of December 1966, 80.1% of the graduates were resident in Canada, 15.6% in the United States and 4.3% in Europe. 32% obtained a postgraduate degree. Some of them even wrote publications and books; many of them worked in practical forestry, for companies, government or consulting firms. The Sopron Forestry School exodus was a unique emigration, unparalleled in history. A significant portion of a university left a country, while another country adopted them, so that they could continue on with their education in their own language. 70% of them graduated, and most of the graduates had very successful careers. Dr. G.C. Andrew, deputy president of LTBC in 1957, wrote in the early 1980's: “I have always looked at their (Soproners) arrival in Canada, and particularly B.C., as one of the most profitable immigration dividends the country has had.” Les Józsa, one of the alumni, has made the impressive wooden gate (Székelykapu) on the UBC campus to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the Sopron-UBC forestry students in 1956-1957. The alumni of the Division keep close contact with each other, and they still have their yearly reunion. – B: 0883, 2119, 7456, T: 7456.→Trianon Peace Treaty; Magyar, Pál; Freedom Fight of 1956. Sopron, Flower Song of – János (John) Guggelweit tried out his new pen by writing down a Hungarian love poetry’s very first memento: two lines from 1490, on the inside cover of the city of Sopron’s account book. “Flower, know this – I have to leave you and I have to put on a mourning dress for you” (Wijrag thudjad, theuled el kell mennem – Es the ŷrethed kel gŷazba ewelteznem). Jenő (Eugene) Házi discovered it in 1929. – B: 1230, 1136, 1020, T: 3240. Sopron Glossary – A fragmentary list of Latin-Hungarian words originating between 1430 and 1440, containing 217 Hungarian words found in 1923 by Jenő (Eugene) Házi at the Archives of Sopron as the cover page of a property deed, dated to 1459. The Hungarian interpretation and the sequence of the Latin words show that it is closely related to the Glossary of Beszterce and Glossary of Schagli. All three may have originated from a similar Austrian-Bavarian Latin-German glossary. – B: 1098, 1230, T: 3240. Sorg, Antal (Anthony) (Budapest, 1868 - Budapest, 1948) – Architect and contractor. He had a brick factory at Kőbánya, a suburb of Budapest, and a carpenter shop as well. Sorg constructed several buildings, churches and houses, and the buildings for the Polgár Beer Brewery (Polgári Sörgyár) at Kőbánya with 4,000 workers, within a year. He was a successful businessman. After World War II, his factories were nationalized, he was left penniless, but his former workers helped him. He was accused of war crimes and was kept in a concentration camp. After his release he died. His younger son, Jenő (Eugen), was the friend of István (Stephen) Horthy and a fellow sportsman. Jenő and his fiancée died in a tragic motorbike accident in Tahi in 1943. Sorg’s firstborn son, Anthony (Antal), (1895-1979) and family escaped to the West and settled in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where Antal Jr. established himself and soon founded and ran a successful enterprise: Acero Sima in Buenos Aires. He employed many Hungarian refugees, and helped the foundation of the Mindszentynum, dedicated in 1978. – B: 2071, T: 7103.→Horthy, István de Nagybánya. Sörös, Béla (Nemespécsely, or Pécsely, 14 March 1877 - Losonc, now Lučenec, Slovakia, 2 October 1939) – Bishop of the Christian Reformed Church in Slovakia. He studied Theology in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania), Pápa, Budapest and Edinburgh. For five years he was the Minister at the Transit Prison of Budapest. Thereafter, he became Parish Minister in Losonc (now Lučenec, Slovakia), where, in 1925, a Reformed Theological Seminary was opened, established by him. He became its Dean and was maintained by him largely at his own expense. The Seminary provided pastor-supply to Hungarian Reformed Congregations under Czechoslovak rule, forced to live in isolation from the mother country and mother Church by the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate (1920). In 1938, he became Bishop of the Cis-Danubian Reformed Church District of Slovensko (now Slovakia). His main work was: History of the Hungarian Liturgy (A magyar liturgia története) (1904). – B: 0883, 1134, T: 7456.→Trianon Peace Treaty. Soros, George (György) (Budapest, Hungary, 12 August, 1930 - ) – Businessman. He survived the Nazi occupation and left Communist Hungary in 1947 for England, where he graduated from the London School of Economics (LSE) in 1952. Here he became familiar with the work of the philosopher Karl Popper, who had a profound influence on his thinking and later on his professional and philanthropic activities. In 1956 Soros moved to the United States, where he began to accumulate a large fortune through an international investment fund he founded and managed. He is currently the President and Chairman of Soros Fund Management LLC, a private investment management firm that serves as principal advisor to the Quantum Group of Funds, a series of international investment vehicles. In July 2000, Soros merged his flagship Quantum Fund with the Quantum Emerging Growth Fund to form the Quantum Endowment Fund. The Quantum Fund is generally recognized as one of the most successful investment funds ever, returning an average 31 percent annually throughout its more than 30-year history. Soros has been active as a philanthropist since 1979, when he began providing funds to help black students attend the University of Cape Town in apartheid South Africa. Today, he is chairman of the Open Society Institute and the founder of a network of philanthropic organizations that are active in more than 50 countries. Based primarily in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union – but also in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the United Statest – these foundations are dedicated to building and maintaining the infrastructure and institutions of an open society. In 1992, Soros founded the Central European University, with its primary campus in Budapest. He retied as investor but not as advisor. He was the author of seven books: The Alchemy of Finance (1987); Opening the Soviet System (1990); Underwriting Democracy (1991); Soros on Soros: Staying Ahead of the Curve (1995); The Crisis of Global Capitalism: Open Society Endangered (1998); Open Society: Reforming Global Capitalism (2000), and George Soros on Globalization (2002). His articles and essays on politics, society, and economics regularly appear in major newspapers and magazines around the world. Soros has received honorary degrees from the New School for Social Research in New York City, the University of Oxford, the Budapest University of Economics, and Yale University. In 1995, the University of Bologna awarded Soros its highest honor, the Laurea Honoris Causa, in recognition of his efforts to promote open societies throughout the world. – B&T: 1052. Sőtér, István (Stephen) (Szeged, 1 June 1913 - Budapest, 7 October 1988) – Writer, literary historian. From 1931 until 1935 he was a member of the Eötvös College of the University of Budapest in the French-German program. In 1935 and 1936 he studied on a scholarship at the École Normale Supérieure of Paris. Between 1939 and 1945 he worked as an economist, and his experiences from this time inspired his 1948 novel, The Fall into Sin (Bűnbeesés). In 1945 he taught at the Pál (Paul) Teleki Scientific Institute. Reflections on the post-war years culminated in the 1948 short novel, Bridge Collapse (Hídszakadás), and the essay collection Dark Chamber (Sötétkamra), published in the same year. Between 1948 and 1952, he taught at the University of Szeged. From 1952 until the end of the 1960s, he was Department Head, then President of the University of Budapest. From 1956 he was Deputy Minister of Education. From 1957 until his retirement in 1983 he was Director of the Institute for Literary Sciences at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Memories of the war years and the subsequent period are preserved in a series of novels in the 1970s and 1980s, The Lost Lamb (Az elveszett bárány) (1974); The Lion of Buda (Budai oroszlán) (1978), and The Lamb-Nursing Lion (Bárányt szoptató oroszlán) (1988). Between 1970 and 1973 he was President of the International Comparative Literature Association (Association Internationale de Littérature Comparée – AILC). Sőtér’s literary and scientific career developed simultaneously. He translated works of Hemingway, Emily Brontë, Graham Greene and Thyde Monnier. He was a consciously cultivated thinker in his novels, in which he dealt primarily with the history of the modern intelligentsia, as well as in his scientific work on the historical and critical aspects of national and world literature. His other works include The French Spirit in Old Hungary (A francia szellem a régi Magyarországon) (1940); Mór Jókai (Jókai Mór) (1941); The Church Robber (A templomrabló) (1943); The Ghost (A kísértet) (1945); Crossing at Buda (Budai átkelés) (1946); József Eötvös (Eötvös József) (1951); Romance and Realism (Romantika és realizmus) (1956); The Garden of Eden (Édenkert) (1960); A Dream on History. Imre Madách and the Tragedy of Man (Álom a történelemről. Madách Imre és Az ember tragédiája) (1963); Clearing Mirrors: Hungarian Literature Between Two World Wars (Tisztuló tükrök: A magyar irodalom a két világháború között) (1966); Man and His Work (Az ember és műve) (1971); From Werther to Silvester (1976); and Studies On The 19th Century (Tanulmányok a XIX századról) (1979). He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (1957), and President of the Hungarian P.E.N. Club (1960). He was also President of the International Society of Comparative Literature (1970-1973). He received an honorary doctorate from Sorbonne University (1973). He was awarded the Kossuth Prize (1954), the French Ordre des Arts et des Lettres award (1974) and the Attila József Prize (1985). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7667, 7456. South America, the Discovery of – Two Hungarians played significant roles: (1) Ferenc (Francis) Xavér Éder, Hungarian missionary, who mapped Peru and Bolivia between 1749 and 1759, and prepared extensive ethnographic and geographic descriptions, and (2) Adolf Lendl, who walked across Patagonia, Argentina and Chile from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean in 1907 and 1908. He later produced a travel book of the area. – B: 1138, T: 7668.→ Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J.; Lendl, Adolf. South America, Hungarian Missionaries of – The Jesuits dispatched János (John) Brentán of the University of Nagyszombat (now Trnava, Slovakia) to Peru in 1724. He mapped the regions of the River Amazon. The first Jesuits sent to Paraguay in 1726 included Ferenc (Francis) Limp who, apart from missionary work, studied the ethnography of the natives. The Szekler (Transylvanian Hungarian) László (Ladislas) Orosz arrived there almost at the same time. Orosz worked for 42 years, and established a University in Cordoba. In 1729 János (John) Bér was sent to Peru. He educated the Kichua tribe for 17 years, and he worked at the newly established Spanish University in Lima. In 1749 János (John) Zakariás worked for 24 years in Peru before returning to the city of Komárom, Hungary. Beginning in 1749, Ferenc (Francis) Xaver Éder worked among the Moxan tribes and mapped the tributaries of the River Amazon. Only two records of Chilean missionaries remained: Martin Hedry and Joseph Haller, who worked with the Arauacan Indians and suffered martyrdom in 1760. The four, Dávid Fay, Ignác (Ignatius) Szentmártonyi, József (Joseph) Kayling and János (John) Szluha, sent to Brazil, suffered for years in the prison of the Portuguese colonial governor. After Emperor Joseph II of Austria-Hungary (1780-1790) abolished the Jesuit Order, there were no further records about their dispatch after 1790. – B: 1020, T: 7203.→Jesuits, Hungarian, in Latin America; Éder, Xavér Ferenc S.J.; Brentán, Károly S.J. Southern Hungary (Southland, Délvidék) – Southern part of Historic Hungary. Now this area forms part of Serbia, Croatia and Romania, as a result of the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate forced upon Hungary on 4 June 1920. During the Middle Ages, the names Alvidék and Végvidék designated the counties of Southern Hungary; the voivodines (counties) of Bács, Keve, Pozsega, Szerém, Temes, Torontál and Verőce, i.e. those beyond the rivers Danube and Száva, as well as the voivodines of Macsó, Ozora, Kucsó, Só and Szörény. This part of Hungary – called Southern Hungary (Délvidék) – was ceded to the Serb, Croat and Slavonian Kingdom, which became Yugoslavia in 1921, together with a significant number of ethnic Hungarians – without a plebiscite. However, Yugoslavia disintegrated amidst civil war in 1991-1992. The area’s major rivers are the Danube, Drava, Mura, Szava, Temes and Tisza. Larger towns include Apatin, Gombos, Nagybecskerek, Szabadka, Újvidék, Zenta and Zombor (now Apatin, Bogojevo, Zrenjanin, Subotica, Novi Sad, Senta and Sombor in Serbia-Montenegro). The Avars – considered to be relatives of the Magyars – populated Southern Hungary until the Magyars absorbed them after their Carpathian Conquest. Prior to the Turkish occupation, the Serbs had already infiltrated the Carpathian Basin from the south in large numbers. In 1420, King Zsigmond (Sigismund of Luxenburg) gave permission for a group of them to settle in Hungary. After the fall of Constaninople in 1453, Serbs from the Balkans began to move more and more to the north and started to filter into Hungary in significant numbers. During the 150-year long Ottoman Turkish occupation (1526-1686), the dense population of the Hungarian settlements in the South decreased dramatically, almost to the point of extinction. The Serbs also arrived at the heels of the Turks as their allies, military suppliers and merchants. Between 1620 and 1687, the area received waves of refugees of two ethnic groups: the Slavic Sokaces and Bunyevaces, who, during the following years of common history, always remained in solidarity with their Hungarian neighbors. In 1690, under the leadership of Arzen Cernojovic, the Orthodox Patriarch of Ipek, 200,000 Serbs settled in Southern Hungary. After the Turkish era in 1691, approximately 200,000 more people settled in the Délvidék’s devastated area. Empress and Queen Maria Theresa (1740-1780) gave permission for a temporary settlement to 20,000 Serbs, who in the end stayed there permanently. At the start of the 1848-1849 War of Independence, the Serb population participated alongside the Hungarians in the demonstrations but, after the Austrian intervention, armed hostilities broke out between the Serb insurgents and the Hungarian forces. Emperor Francis Joseph issued a new imperial constitution, in which Horvátország (now Croatia), Slavonia, the Maritimes (Adriatic district) and the Border Patrol Areas were united under the name of Croatia. He also created a Serbian voivodine out of Bácska, Temesköz, and other parts of the Border Patrol Areas. On 24 October 1849, based on imperial decree, General Haynau separated Croatia and the Mura Interfluve area from Hungary. Pan-Slavic ambition soon turned the Serbs against the Hungarians. It culminated in the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and caused the outbreak of World. War I. (1914-1918). Between 8 and 12 November 1918, the Serbian General Misica occupied Southern Hungary. The Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920 ceded it to the Serbs. In the interwar years, Southern Hungary was part of Yugoslavia. On 12 December 1940, Hungary and Yugoslavia entered into an “Everlasting Friendship Agreement”, which was not ratified by Yugoslavia. Although Yugoslavia agreed with the German-Italian-Japanese tri-power agreement on 25 March 1941, two days later a coup d’état in Belgrade removed the Yugoslav government in power, and annulled the agreement and the “Everlasting Friendship Agreement” with Hungary as well. Germany attacked Yugoslavia on 8 April 1941, causing Yugoslavia to break up into its component countries. This was the time when the architect of the Hungarian-Yugoslavian peace agreement, Count Pál Teleki, allegedly committed suicide on 3rd April 1941. Croatia gained her independence once more. After the breakup of Yugoslavia, Hungary regained some of her former territories: Bácska in the Danube-Tisza Interfluve, the “Baranya Triangle” and the Mura Interfluve (Muraköz) – with a considerable number of ethic Hungarians. The Hungarian government ordered the deportation of 150,000 non-Hungarians who had settled in the area after 31 December 1918. In their place, Szeklers were brought in from Bukovina. At the conclusion of World War II, the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947 reattached Southern Hungary to the reconstituted Yugoslavia. Well before this, the entering partisan units carried out a systematic genocide of the local Hungarian population for several months, which resulted in the massacre of 40,000 ethnic Hungarians, including whole villages including women and children. – B: 1230, 1274, 1020, 1031, T: 7670.→Yugoslavia; Trianon Peace Treaty; Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians; Atrocities against Hungarians. Southern Hungary, Hungarians of Voivodina – Those who live in the region that was separated from Hungary by the Versailles-Trianon Peace Dictate in 1920 and given to Serbia, the later Yugoslavia, and again to Serbia. The territory included 580,000 ethnic Hungarians. Today, they still live within cohesive units in the Bácska, Bánság (Voivodina) and Szerémség regions. In late 1944 the Serbian partisans massacred 40-50,000 ethnic Hungarians. Thus began the reduction of the Hungarian population in the area. In 1946 the Yugoslav constitutional meeting decided on a land reform law and settlement arrangements, resulting in the settling of the Bácska area with about 50,000 Serbian families. Refugees, escapees of the horrors of World War II diminished the number of Hungarians, which dropped to 496,000 in 1948, though it reached 504,000 in 1961. During Marshal Tito’s reign, there was a forced mixed-marriage program. The children from these families were obliged to attend Serbian schools and practice that language only. As these ’zebras’ were not accepted by either the Hungarian or Serbian communities, the experiment was abandoned. The results of the 1989 census were considered invalid since they were only estimated and were based on the pronunciation of the family names – Serbian or Hungarian. During the 1991-1992 Yugoslavian civil war, the leaders of the army sent enlisted Hungarian ethnic soldiers to the most dangerous parts of the front. 20% of the war casualties and wounded were Hungarians, which is well over the proportion of the Hungarian population in Yugoslavia. Because of the Balkan War, many Hungarians fled to Hungary and to western countries. Consequently, the Hungarian population in this area diminished again. Today it is about 341,000. – B: 1020, 1031, T: 7670.→Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians; Atrocities against Hungarians; Trianon Peace Treaty. Southern Hungary, Massacre of Hungarians – In World War II, during August 1944, as a result of Romania’s changing sides, the invading Soviet forces marched into the defenseless Délvidék – the southern part of Historic Hungary. The accompanying Serbian partisan units immediately commenced the slaughter of the local German and Hungarian population. They massacred thousands of the civilians without any reason or trial, and in most cases through cruel and sadistic methods, making no exceptions for women or children. The mass graves, containing the mutilated corpses gave proof that an estimated 40-50,000 ethnic Hungarians fell victim of genocide. This mass killing was centrally directed and supported by the Serbian government. At first, they hunted down and executed the men who had served in the Hungarian army during the war. After compiling the names of the intended victims, areas were cordoned off, crowds of men and some women were herded together, and they were either killed on the spot or marched out of the settlement for torture and mutilation – according to the whim of the commanding officer – to their final extermination place. Twelve Catholic priests also fell victim, when it was found out they had prepared a list of the killed people who were carried away together with their brethren, or killed on the spot. In many instances, the Serbian partisans rounded up the refugees by trespassing into the Bácska area of Hungary and hauled them back for their execution. Many of them were impaled just like in the Middle Ages. For the following 45 years it was forbidden to mention this genocide: the mass graves were always under surveillance. Headboards or the placing of flowers was strictly forbidden. Several entirely Hungarian settlements were wiped out. In Southern Hungary there is no village or town that does not have its own horror story of these times. Data of the identified human losses compiled up to 1990 include in the settlements of Adorján 60, Bajmok 80, Bezdán 150, Csurog 4000, Horgos 500, Ludaspuszta 200, Magyarkanizsa 300, Palics 180, Péterréve 600, Szabadka 2000, Szenttamás 3000, Újvidék 3000, Zenta 1000, Zombor 5600, Zsablya 2000, and uncounted victims in numerous smaller villages. Of the 22,700 people resting in mass graves 18,000 have not yet been identified. – B: 1020, T: 7670.→Southern Hungary, Hungarians of Voivodina; Atrocities against Hungarians. Directory: sites -> default -> files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations files -> Nstructions for Acquiring Excess Equipment online, through the 1033 Program files -> Occupational health and safety files -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten Point Program files -> International programs roel profile files -> Fermi Questions a guide for Teachers, Students, and Event Supervisors Lloyd Abrams, Ph. D. DuPont Company, cr&D/ccas experimental Station Wilmington, de 19880 files -> Personal Information Name: Maha Al-Ammari Nationality: Saudi Relationship Status Download 1.61 Mb. Share with your friends:
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