Pestvidéki Ásványbánya Vállalat



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Szathmáry, Lajos (2) (Louis) (Budapest, 12 January 1903 - Budapest, 19 February 2004) – High school teacher of Latin, Greek and Hungarian. He was an influential worker in the Christian Youth Association and in scouting. He taught at the Reformed Colleges of Sárospatak, Hódmezővásárhely and Pápa, and in several schools in Budapest. He also acted as Superintendent of Free Education in the Ministry of Culture (Vallás és Közoktatási Minisztérium – VKM) (1945-1949). His well-known activity was the organization and direction of the Home for Students from Detached Farms of the Hódmezővásárhely Area. The eminent writer, László (Ladislas) Németh, in his novel, Burning Esther (Égető Eszter), he modeled after Szathmáry the figure of Professor Szilágyi (Szilágyi tanár úr). His works include Handbook of Free Education (A szabadművelődés kézikönyve), with D. Kövendi (1947). – B: 1672, T: 7456.→Németh, László.
Szathmáry P. Károly (péterfalvi) (Szilágysomlyó, now Şimleu Silvaniei, Romania, 24 July 1831 - Budapest, 14 January 1891) – Writer and teacher. He received his secondary and tertiary education in Zilah (now Zalău, Romania), and Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania); from 1847 he worked as a clerk at the Court of Appeal. Due to his participation in the 1848-1849 Revolution and War of Independence against Habsburg oppression, he was imprisoned. After he became free, he taught in a private college. He obtained a Ph.D. in Philosophy from the University of Pest in 1857. From 1858 he worked as a teacher at Nagyenyed (now Aiud, Romania) and Máramarossziget (now Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania). He was elected Member of Parliament in 1869. As the adherent of the Prime Minister of the time, Kálmán (Coloman) Tisza, he became editor of a number of metropolitan daily papers and, from 1878, was editor of Parliamentary Diary (Országgyűlési Napló). He was elected a member of the Kisfaludy Society (1869) and the Petőfi Society (1876). He founded the National Nursery Association (Kisdedóvó Egyesület) in 1872 and was its president in 1877. He prepared a number of bills for Parliament in the interest of infant care. He displayed many-sided activities in public life. He was among the most productive writers toward the end of the 19th century, and organized the erection of a memorial to the 1848-1849 War of Independence. He wrote some 50 novels and 200 stories. His works include Seagull, vols. i-iii (Sirály, I-III) novel (1855); The Star of Ill-Boding for Transylvania (Erdély vészcsillaga, I-III), novel (1857); The Youth of Gábor Bethlen vols. i,ii (Bethlen Gábor ifjúsága I-II), novel (1866); Golden Age of Hungary (Magyarhon fénykora) (1869), and The Martyrs of the Free Word (A szabadszó vértanúi) (1883). – B: 0883, 1257, T: 7456.→Tisza, Count Kálmán.
Szatmár, Peace Treaty of (the Peace of Szatmár) was signed at Szatmár (now Satu Mare, Romania) on April 30, 1711 between King Károly III (Charles), Hungarian Commander-in-Chief Count Sándor (Alexander) Károlyi, and Imperial Field Marshal Count János (John) Pálffy. Based on the terms of the accord, Charles promised to maintain the integrity of both Transylvanian (Erdély, now in Romania) and the Hungarian estates. Moreover, the accord officially ended the Kuruc Freedom Fight led by Prince Ferenc (Francis) Rákóczi II. The impact of the Treaty was evident on 1 May 1711 when 12,000 former soldiers of Rákóczi swore allegiance to the Habsburg dynasty on the fields outside of Majtény in Szatmár. – B: 1031, T: 7103.→Freedom Fight of Rákóczi II, Prince Ferenc; Kuruc; Kuruc Age; Károly III, King; Károlyi, Count Sándor; Pálffy, Count, János.
Szatmári, István (Stephen) (sometimes Szatmáry) (Budapest, 30 July 1925 - Budapest, 28 December 1988) – Actor. He completed the Academy of Dramatic Art in 1946, after which he was engaged by the National Theater (Nemzeti Színház), Budapest. From 1947 to 1949 he was a member of the National Theater of Szeged. From 1949 to 1951 he again played at the National Theater of Budapest, while in 1951 his contract was transferred to the Hungarian People’s Army Theater (Magyar Néphadsereg Színháza), and finally to the Comedy Theater (Vígszínház), where he played until his death. With his acrid humor and caricaturing ability he scored successful interpretations in numerous episode roles. On 11 occasions he prepared reports for the series entitled His Profession is Actor (Mestersége színész). His evocative writings on actors and about his theatrical memories appeared in the columns of the periodical, Film, Theater, Music (Film, Színház, Muzsika). Some of these writings found space also in his book The Little Star is Also a Star (A kis csillag is csillag) (1989). His roles included Otto in J. Katona’s Bánk bán; Bulanov in Ostrovsky’s The Forest (Erdő); Loby in Dürrenmatt’s The Visit of the Old Lady (Der Besuch der alten Dame; Az öreg hölgy látogatása); Wagner in Goethe’s Faust, and Charley in Miller’s Death of a Salesman (Az ügynök halála). He played in a number of films and TV-plays, mostly in walk-on part: Crafty Matt the Goose-herd (Matyi (1949); Two Confessions (Két vallomás) (1957); Nude Diplomat (A meztelen diplomata) (1963); Touch-me-not Flower (Nebáncsvirág) (TV, 1969); Petty Monarchs 1-2 (Kiskirályok, 1-2) (1972); Corner Store (Saroküzlet) (TV, 1978), and Banana-skin Waltz (Banánhéj keringő) (1986). He received the Merited Artist title in 1988. – B: 0883, 1257, 1445, T: 7456.
Szatmárnémeti (German: Sathmar; Romanian: Satu Mare) – Town at the northeastern edge of the Great Hungarian Plain, ceded to western Romania by the 1920 Trianon Peace Treaty, though together with northern Transylvania it was returned to Hungary (1940-1945) by the Second Vienna Award (1940). After World War II, it was again given to Romania by the Paris Peace Treaty (1947). The town is mainly on the right bank of the Szamos (Someş) River, a tributary of the Tisza. Its population was 26,881 in 1901; 45,000 in 1910 (94.6% Magyars, including Hungarian-speaking Hasidic Jews); 51,987 in 1941, and 160,421 in 2001 (57.8% Romanian, 39.3% Hungarian, 1.2% German and 0.96% Roma). It is a flat, monotonous type of settlement, characteristic of the Great Plain towns, softened by plazas and gardens studded with trees. The center is an enormous main square of parks, overlooked by the Episcopal palace, the Roman Catholic cathedral, the houses of the canons, and an old palace with Gothic windows, on the wall of which there is a memorial tablet for the 1711 Peace Treaty of Szatmár. Other notable buildings of the town are the Town Hall, the Theater, the monasteries and churches of religious orders, and the Catholic and Reformed high schools, together with special schools for carpentry and metal work, industrial workshop, banks and government offices. For cultural and social services there is the Episcopal Library, the Museum, the hospitals, the poorhouses, and various societies. Among those living in the outer areas there are many primary producers and also those engaged in aspects of industry: factories replacing older tradesmen like tailors, boot makers, joiners, and makers of the sleeveless mantles (szűr-mantle). There are also bustling markets and it is an important railway junction. Historically, the site of the town has been settled since the Stone Age. There was an earthwork fortification on the local castle hill (Várdomb) called Zotmar (Castrum Zotmar), allegedly ruled by Menumorut (Ménmarót) early in the 10th century. In the course of the Carpathian settlement by the Magyars, this earthwork fort was captured after a three-day siege by the tribal leaders Tas, Töhötöm and Szabolcs. During the reign of King István I (St. Stephen, 997-1038), his Bavarian Queen, Gizella brought in German settlers in 1006, who founded the villages Szatmár and Németi (Mintin) at the foot of Castle Hill on the two banks of the Szamos River. In 1241 the Tartars destroyed the castle. After 1543, it was rebuilt and reinforced by the Báthorys, and besieged by the Turks; the whole town was burnt down in 1703, and the unification of the two towns across the river to become Szatmárnémeti, occurred in 1721 (or 1715), as a royal free town. The town’s development surged ahead strongly during the 19th and 20th centuries. The two world wars brought drastic changes to the town; its population stagnated for several decades. The 1977 census placed Hungarians into a minority for the first time. The collapse of Communism led to a long period of economic stagnation during the 1990s, when the town lost about 20,000 inhabitants, due to the closure of many industrial plants. Many people are now guest workers in Western Europe, with families left behind. – B: 1031, 1068, 1582, 1789, 1816, 7456, T: 7456.→Vienna Award II;
Száva, János Zoltán (John) (Csíkszépvíz, now Sulca, Romania, 19 July 1916 - Marosvásárhely, now Targu Mureş, Romania, 27 July 2001) – Physician. He obtained his Medical Degree from the University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) in 1941, when Kolozsvár and Northern Transylvania was returned to Hungary by the Second Vienna Award (1940-1944). From 1941 to 1944 he was a demonstrator and an assistant lecturer. After World War II, when the Romanians again occupied Northern Transylvania, Száva disappeared for many years and reappeared again between 1982 and 1985, when he was an assistant professor at the Orthopedic Clinic of the Medical School of the University of Marosvásárhely. In Europe he was second in performing a hipbone procedure. He developed 18 new surgical procedures. He was a member of numerous Romanian and foreign scientific societies, and author of nearly 200 professional papers, a number of monographs and university lecture notes. His works include Detailed Surgery, vols. i, ii, (Részletes sebészet I-II) (1954); Surgery in Childhood (A gyermekkor sebészete) (1962); and Orthopedics and Traumatology (Ortopédia és traumatológia) (1977). He was awarded the Merited Physician Title in 1971– B: 1730, T: 7456.→Vienna Award II.
Szávaszentendre Abbey, Délvidék (now Mitrovice, Serbia) – It was founded by Radó, Palatine of Hungary. In 1218, Pope Honorius III declared it to be part of the Greek Catholic St Vazul Order. In 1247 it was a Benedictine monastery, when a second Tartar invasion was pending. The last records of the Abbey are from 1334. – B: 0942, T: 7103.
Százd Abbey – Bailiff Péter established it around 1067. It was built in honor of the Blessed Virgin Mary, near the Tisza River in the County of Borsod, near the town of Mezőkövesd, on the estate of Prince Géza. In 1267, in the re-confirmation charter by King Béla IV (1235-1270), the name of the place was Zasty. – B: 1078, T: 7103.
Szeben Printshop (Transylvania, now in Romania) – In 1528, the first working printing company of Transylvania was established in the city of Szeben. It used wooden types and that made the work very cumbersome. They at first printed only Latin texts and, from 1534, it was outfitted with Cyrillic types. 32 Latin publications survived; among them there are 21 Latin, 6 Hungarian, 2 German and 3 mixed language texts. Several of the Latin texts have Hungarian authors. – B: 1020, T: 3240.
Szeberényi, Lehel (Losonc, now Lučenec, Slovakia, 19 June 1921 - Budapest, 27 April 1998) – Writer, journalist and translator of literary works. In a largely Hungarian town, his parents had a hard time as a result of the dictated Peace Treaty of Trianon in 1920, which ceded the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary (together with Losonc) to the newly created Czechoslovakia. Since his father did not renounce his Hungarian citizenship, he could not get work; his mother supported the family from private piano tuition. When the First Vienna Award of 1938 returned to Hungary the Hungarian-inhabited southern strip of Slovakia, Szeberényi was able to complete his high school education at Losonc by passing the maturity examination in 1943, and was able to perform auxiliary work in the Town Hall of Losonc. He was also the District Secretary of the Peasant Party until the Russian occupation in the middle of 1945. Thereafter, he moved to Miskolc in Hungary, and became the editor of the local daily Free Word (Szabad Szó). From 1947, Szeberényi was a contributor to the paper, Free Word and, from 1949, to the Women’s Paper (Nők Lapja) of Budapest. From 1952 he worked as a secretary of the Community of Young Writers (Fiatal Írók Munkaközössége). From 1953 he was a freelance writer and, from 1957, he worked as columnist of the periodical, Contemporary (Kortárs). Later, he was again a freelance writer, and then a correspondent of the daily, Hungarian Nation (Magyar Nemzet). From 1972 he again became a columnist of Contemporary (Kortárs) until he retired in 1981. In his novels, he was engaged with the people pushed to the edge of society; with joviality and irony, he exposed the perversity of public life, and wrote in resort town of Leányfalu in the Danube Bend (north of Budapest), recalling the years he spent there in his youth. Szeberényi’s works include Sunrise (Napkelte) novel (1951); Steps into the Clouds (Lépcsők a felhőkbe) novel (1957); Valley of Memories (Emlékek völgye) autobiography (1980), and At the Margin of History (A történelem szélén) novelette (1986). His distinctions are the People’s Republic Medal, silver-grade (1954), the Attila József Prize (1951, 1953, 1983), the Order of Work, gold grade (1981), and the Order of the Star of the Republic of Hungary, decorated with a Golden Wreath (1991). – B: 1257, T: 7456.→Vienna Award I.
Szebik, Imre (Emeric) (Lébény, 9 February 1939 - ) – Lutheran Bisop. After graduating from the Miklós Révai Gymnasium in Győr, he studied Theology at the Lutheran Theological Academy, Budapest (1957-1962), and was ordained in 1962. In 1971-1972, he was on a scholarship from the Lutheran World Federation; he conducted post-graduate studies at the Ecumenical Institute of Bossey of the World Council of Churches in Switzerland, and at the Theological Department of the University of Zurich, Switzerland. He was an assistant pastor in Miskolc (1962-1965), then Pastor in Komárom (1965-1968), and again in Miskolc (1968-1985). He was Dean of the Borsod-Heves Deanery (1975-1985). From 1985 he was Pastor of the Budapest-Budavár Congregation, and Dean of the Buda Deanery (1985-1990). He was Deputy Bishop (1985-1990), and from 1990 to 2006, Bishop of the North District of the Lutheran Church in Hungary. He was ministerial Vice-President of the Lutheran National Synod (1991-1997), and its President from 2001; Vice President of the Ecumenical Council of the Hungarian Churches from 1999; Vice President of the Hungarian Christian-Jewish Committee from 1991, and President of the Christian-Jewish Committee on the Conference of European Churches, from 1995. The Protestant Theological University of Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania) granted him an Honorary Doctorate in 1995. After his retirement he was elected President of the Ecumenical Council of the Hungarian Churches. He was author of many articles, essays and books, including The History of the Lutheran Congregation in Miskolc (A miskolci evangélikus egyházközség története) co-author (1985); Our Responsibility for the Living World (Felelősségünk az élővilágért, co-author (1994), and Bearing Wittness (Tanuságtétel) (2000). – B: 1050, T: 7103.
Széchenyi, Count Béla (Pest, 3 February 1837 - Budapest, 2 December 1918) – Geographer and geologist, son of Count István Széchenyi. He studied at the Universities of Berlin and Bonn. From 1855 to 1857 he traveled in England, France and Italy, while in 1858 he toured the Balkans and the Greek coastline with Count Jenő (Eugen) Zichy. In 1862, with Gyula (Julius) Károlyi, he visited the USA and Canada. Between 1865 and 1870 he went lion hunting in Africa four times. In 1874 he started excavations in the bed of Lake Fertő in Hungary, and with the assistance of the Austrian paleontologist Eduard Suess, he described the Paleolithic finds. In 1877 he departed on his large-scale Asiatic expedition in the company of the famous geologist Lajos (Louis) Lóczy, the linguist Gábor (Ganriel) Bálint, and the topographer Gusztáv (Gustavus) Kreimer. By February 1878 they had reached Sikkim, Bhutan and the boundary of Tibet, and later on they arrived in Central Java and studied the its volcanic regions. During December 1879, they covered 1500 km along the Yangtzekiang River as far up as Hangzhou and, from there, on a 14-month journey they reached the Irrawaddy Plain. Geographically, the most valuable aspect of his expedition was the discovery of mountain ranges surrounding the Tibetan plateau on three sides. The results of his travels, his diary, Kreimer’s maps, Lóczy’s geological collections and observations were all published at his own expense. Hedin Sven discovered the Trans-Himalayan Mountain Range on the basis of the results of Széchenyi’s expedition. The processing of the scientific material from the trip, with the assistance of 20 scientists from Hungary and abroad was only completed in 1900. From 1901, he was Keeper of the Holy Crown of Hungary and, from 1904, an honorary member of the Geographical Society. He was a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (honorary, 1880, director 1883). His main work was The Scientific Results of Count Béla Széchenyi’s East-Asian Trip with Lajos Lóczy, 1877-1880, vols. i,ii,iii (Gr. Széchenyi Béla keletázsiai útjának tudományos eredménye 1877 - 1880, Lóczy Lajossal, I – III. (1890-1897). The records of his journey were published in Hungarian, German and English. – B: 1078, 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Zichy, Jenő; Lóczy, Lajos; Bálint, Gábor; Károlyi, Count Gyula.
Széchényi, Count Ferenc (Francis) (Fertőszéplak, 29 April 1754 - Vienna, 13 December 1820) – Patron of literature and political writer. Father of Count István Széchenyi. Even as a young man, he was considered to be very enlightened for the period. During the reign of King József II (Joseph) (1780-1790), he was President of the Board of Báns and Royal District Commissioner of Pécs. However, he resigned his position in support of the Hungarian nobility against the Germanizing process. In 1790 he returned to political life after the establishment of the National Assembly. In 1798 he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of County Somogy. In 1799 he became Deputy Lord Chief Justice. In 1812 he returned to private life, but remained active in the cultural sphere. He patronized many writers, scientists, and widely corresponded with them. His political writings were never published. He was invited to be a member of the Universities of Göttingen, Jena, Germany, and the Viennese Academy of Sciences. In 1802 he offered his cultural wealth to the nation: his library of Hungarica, his manuscripts, paintings, medals, statues and map collections became the foundation of the Hungarian National Museum. Later, the independent national library was named after him and was continuously enriched and financially supported by him until his death. He lived his last years in Vienna, where his house became the center of the era’s romantic religious movement. – B: 1150, 1078, 1138, T: 3240.→National Museum; Széchényi Library, The National.
Széchenyi, Count István (Stephen) (Vienna, 21 September 1791 - Döbling, 8 April 1860) – Statesman. Son of Count Ferenc Széchényi. He traveled extensively throughout Western Europe between 1815 and 1825. The newly gained impressions and experiences spurred him, with the aid of the rich landowners, to develop his homeland from an economically backward country into a progressive developing nation. Patterned after the English system, he founded the first horse race in Pest, and set up the first horse-breeding association in 1825. Also in 1825, while in Parliament, he donated one year’s income to the establishment of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. The National Casino (Nemzeti Kaszinó) in Pest was set up by him in 1827. In 1829, he aided in the funding of the First Steamship Navigation Company on the River Danube (Első Dunagőzhajózási Társaság). He assisted in the founding of the First Cylinder Mill of Pest (Első Pesti
Hengermalom), and the Bank of Commerce (Kereskedelmi Bank). He built one of the first heavy industrial plants, the Shipyard of Óbuda (Óbudai Hajógyár) a winter harbor. He regulated the flow of the Lower River Danube through dredging, where a section bears his name. He was associated with the construction of the Chain Bridge (Lánchíd, also called the Széchenyi Bridge), connecting the cities of Buda and Pest. He also aided in the flood control of the River Tisza, and initiated the steamship service on Lake Balaton (Balatoni Gőzhajózás) in 1846.

His political program met resistance from some nobles, and set him against reformist Lajos (Louis) Kossuth. Charges against Széchenyi were dropped and he was declared to be “The Greatest Hungarian” (“A legnagyobb Magyar”) by Kossuth. The bloodless coup of March 1848 was greeted with pleasure, and he accepted a ministerial position in the Batthyány Cabinet.

Széchenyi’s first published book appeared in 1828 entitled About Horses (A lovakrul). His most significant contribution is Credit (Hitel), written in 1830, in which he attempted to repeal the unwritten laws of the feudal system and put forward his reform plans. The aristocracy vehemently opposed it; the younger genaration gladly accepted it. In 1831 he wrote the World (Világ) in the defense of Credit. In the fall of 1833, he wrote his third important work, the Stádium. In it he explaned his reform plans in 12 points. Its printing was denied by the censor, but it was published in Leipzig, and smuggled back into the country. The strain caused by increased tension between the Viennese Government and the sector supporting a sovereign Hungary, proved to be too much for the health of Széchenyi, and he was compelled to seek treatment in the mental sanatorium of Döbling in Austria for many years.

As his health improved, so returned his activity in national issues, and many of his friends visited him. During that time a work appeared by an anonymous author entitled Rückblick… (Reflection…) published in 1857, praising the accomplishments of the Alexander Bach-Age. Széchenyi’s answer was a sarcastic polemic paper, entitled Ein Blick auf den Anonymen Rückblick (A Look at the Anonymous Reflection), published anonymously in London in 1859, in which he exposed the cruel and stupid system of absolutism in Hungary, represented by Baron Alexander Bach. This was followed by police investigations against him but, in the meantime, Bach was removed from power. The incessant intimidations caused Széchenyi to take his own life. However, murder is not entirely ruled out. Many statues, streets and institutes bear his name around the country.



His courageous initiation of civil reforms, his patriotism and faith in human progress, his fight for human reforms, his diligence and firmness made him one of the greatest statesmen in Hungarian history. – B: 1078, 1134, 0883, 1031, T: 7456.→Kossuth, Lajos; Bach Era.
Széchényi Library, The National of Hungary – It was founded in 1802. It owes its establishment and name to Count Ferenc (Francis) Széchényi. He sought out Hungarian books in the country and abroad, brought them together in a single collection and donated it to the nation in 1802. In 1803, the Public Library was opened to all in Pest. The nation responded magnanimously by making donations and personal contributions to the new National Library. The National Assembly placed the Institution on a broader foundation: in 1808, it set up the Hungarian National Museum (Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum) to collect the historical, archeological and natural relics of Hungary, and incorporated the library founded earlier. For more than two centuries, the Institution was the common storehouse of written, printed and object relics of the Hungarian past. When the Hungarian National Museum was built, the Library moved into it in 1846-1847. It was not until 1949 that the Library was separated from the Museum, and once again became an independent Institution under the name of National Széchényi Library (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár). It was able to move into its new quarters in the Buda Castle in 1985. The Library has the task of collecting: 1) All works published within the borders of Hungary at the given time, in whatever language they may be written; 2) All works published in Hungarian; 3) All works written by Hungarian authors, or with the collaboration of Hungarians, not in Hungarian, and outside of Hungary; 4) Finally, all works published abroad in foreign languages with Hungarian topics. – B: 1091, T: 7103.→Széchényi, Count Ferenc; National Museum.

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