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- LAWS OF NATURE REGULATE HUMAN VALUING
- MORALITY AND VALUES ARE NOT UNIVERSAL
BibliographyRichard Ithamar Aaron. JOHN LOCKE, 3rd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971. Peter Alexander. IDEAS, QUALITIES AND CORPUSCLES: LOCKE AND BOYLE ON THE EXTERNAL WORLD. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Kenneth Dewhurst. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704, PHYSICIAN AND PHILOSOPHER. New York: Garland, 1984. Julian H. Franklin. JOHN LOCKE AND THE THEORY OF SOVEREIGNTY: MIXED MONARCHY AND THE RIGHT OF RESISTANCE IN THE POLITICAL THOUGHT OF THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978. John Wiedhofft Gough. JOHN LOCKE’S POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY: EIGHT STUDIES. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950. David Gwilym James. THE LIFE OF REASON: HOBBES, LOCKE, BOLINGBROKE. New York: Longmans, Green, 1949. Montagu Vaughan Castelman Jeffreys. JOHN LOCKE: PROPHET OF COMMON SENSE. London: Methuen, 1967. Willmoore Kendall. JOHN LOCKE AND THE DOCTRINE OF MAJORITY-RULE. Urbana, IL, 1959. John L. Kraus. JOHN LOCKE: EMPIRICIST, ATOMIST, CONCEPTUALIST AND AGNOSTIC. New York: Philosophical Library, 1969. Jean Le Clerc. AN ACCOUNT OF THE LIFE AND WRITINGS OF MR. JOHN LOCKE, AUTHOR OF THE ESSAY CONCERNING HUMANE UNDERSTANDING. 2nd ed. London: John Clarke & E. Currl, 1713. John Locke. THE CONDUCT OF UNDERSTANDING. New York: Alden, 1891. John Locke. AN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDINGS. Oxford: Clarendon press, 1924. John Locke. ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF NATURE. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. John Locke. OF CIVIL GOVERNMENT; TWO TREATISES. New York: E.P. Dutton & Cc, 1924. John Locke. ON POLITICS AND EDUCATION. New York: W.J. Black, 1947. John Locke. THE REASONABLENESS OF CHRISTIANITY, AS DELIVERED IN THE SCRIPTURES. Chicago: Regnery, 1965. John Locke. SEVERAL PAPERS RELATING TO MONEY, INTEREST AND TRADE, &C. New York: A.M. Kelley, 1968. John Locke. SOME THOUGHTS CONCERNING EDUCATION. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. John Locke. TWO TRACTS ON GOVERNMENT. Philip Abrams, trans. London: Cambridge University Press, 1967. LAWS OF NATURE REGULATE HUMAN VALUING1. NATURAL LAW REGULATES ALL HUMAN ACTION John Locke, British Philosopher, ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF NATURE, 1954, p. 95. On the assumption that some divine being presides over the world as a whole--a fact proved by the argument from design, since nature and the world of living beings are seen to be governed by divine laws--certain fixed rules of conduct must apply to the life of man in particular. These rules are the law of nature, and such a law, whether referred to as moral good by the Stoics, or as the right reason, or as the rule of living according to nature, is on the one hand to be distinguished from natural right and on the other should not be called the dictate of reason for (a) it is the decree of the divine will issuing commands and prohibitions, and (b) it is implanted in men’s hearts by God so that reason can only discover and interpret it. 2. NATURAL LAW IS UNIVERSAL John Locke, British Philosopher, ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF NATURE, 1954, p. 131. For anyone who is willing to look back and trace a tradition to its very source must necessarily come to a stand somewhere and in the end recognize someone as the original author of this tradition, who either will have founded the law of nature inscribed within his heart or come to know it by reasoning from the facts perceived by the senses. These way so knowing, however, are equally open to the rest of mankind also, and there is no need of traditions long as everyone has within himself the same basic principles of knowledge. But if that first author of the tradition in question has laid down a law to the world, because he was instructed by some oracle or inspired by a divine message, then a law of this kind promulgated in this manner is by no means a law of nature, but a positive law. Therefore we conclude that, if there is a law of nature (and this nobody has denied, it cannot be known in so far as it is a law by means of tradition) 3. NATURAL LAW REGULATES MORAL OBLIGATION John Locke, British Philosopher, ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF NATURE, 1954, p. 57. It would seem, then, that the perception of moral obligation is concerned with a system of natural relations rather than with the will of a superior law-maker. Finally, Locke’s notion that the law of nature is immutable implies that the binding force of it does not lapse even at God’s own command. For him, this law is so much part of the nature of things that, in order to revoke it, God would have to undo mankind.
1. VIRTUE IS DEPENDENT ON STATE’S OPINION John Locke, British Philosopher, ESSAYS ON THE LAW OF NATURE, 1954, p. 123. Since some principle of good and evil is acknowledged by all men, and since there is no nation so savage and so far removed from any humane feelings that it does not have some notion of virtue and vice, some consciousness of praise and blame, it seems we must next inquire in what ways men come to know that law of nature to which they pay deference by so general a consistent, and of which they cannot eradicate all feeling without at the same time eradicating humanity itself; for nature must be altogether negated before one can claim for himself absolute liberty.
The only thing, perhaps, about which all morals think alike is that men’s opinions about the law of nature and the pound of their duty are diverse and manifold--a fact which, even if tongues were silent, moral behavior, which differs so widely, would show pretty well. Men are everywhere met with, not only a select few and those in a private station, but whole nations, in whom no sense of law, no moral rectitude, can be observed. There are also other nations, and they are many, which with no guilty feeling disregard some at least of the pre-praiseworthy to commit and to approve of, such crimes as are utterly loathsome to those who think rightly and live according to nature. 3. DIVERSITY OF EXPERIENCE CIRCUMVENTS CONSISTENT MORAL THEORY John Locke, British Philosopher, ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN UNDERSTANDING, 1954, p. 121-122. Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety. Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in one word, from Experience. Directory: uploads uploads -> 587 Return function, r i(X) r i(0) r i(1) r i(2) r i(3) 1 0 2 4 6 Thermal Station, I 2 0 1 5 6 3 0 3 5 6 10 uploads -> Department of science and humanities department of mathematics part-a questions and answers uploads -> The Case Against the nypd’s Quota-Driven ‘Broken Windows’ Policing What Is It? uploads -> For want of a nail uploads -> Ownership Models There are two different types of ownership models uploads -> Police Militarization uploads -> City of rising star regular meting thursday, july 14, 2016 uploads -> Township of winfield uploads -> Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act of 2014 uploads -> The Black Panther Party’s Ten-Point Program What We Want Now! Download 5.81 Mb. Share with your friends:
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