Portál španělského jazyka
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- Direct-object le/les
- For subjects direct objects
- As the object of a preposition
- Donde , adonde , como cuando
- Cuyo [ edit ] Note on personal a in relative clauses
- Intransitive/passive/impersonal meaning
Pronouns[edit] Personal pronounsSubject ("Nominative case")
Direct object ("Accusative case")
Indirect object ("Dative case")
Object of a preposition
When the preposition is con the first, second and third person singular take the following forms:
Possessive ("Genitive case")
[edit] Direct-object le/lesThe pronouns le (singular) and les (plural) are used to replace the indirect object of a sentence. As an exception, when the direct object is also replaced by a pronoun (lo/los, la/las) the indirect object is replaced by the pronoun se.
As a rule, the direct object must be replaced by the pronouns lo/los (masculine) or la/las (feminine). However, the use of le for replacing the direct object is allowed when the direct object is an animate of the masculine gender (i. e. usually a male person). This usage is typical of Spain, not of most other Spanish-speaking countries. Many speakers will use le also with a woman, but this is considered to be incorrect (see leísmo). [edit] Demonstrative pronouns
N.B.: According to a decision of the Real Academia from the 1960s, the accents on these forms are only to be used when necessary to avoid ambiguity with the demonstrative determiners. However, the normal educated standard is still as above. Note also that there is never an accent on the neuter forms esto, eso and aquello. [edit]
Relative pronounsThe main relative pronoun in Spanish que, from the Latin quid. Others include el cual, quien and donde. [edit] QueQue covers "that", "which", "who", "whom" and the null pronoun in their functions of subject and direct-object relative pronouns.
[edit] El queWhen the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, the definite article is added to que, and this agrees for number and gender, giving us el que, la que, los que, las que and the neuter lo que. Note that in English we have two options: the preposition can go to the end of the sentence, or we can put it right before the relative pronoun "which" or "whom".
In some people's style of speaking, this definite article may be omitted after a, con and de, particularly when the antecedent is abstract or neuter:
After en, the article tends to be omitted if precise spatial location is not intended.
[edit] El cualThe pronoun el cual can replace [el] que. It is generally more emphatic and formal than [el] que. Note than it always includes the article. It derives from the Latin qualis. It has the following forms: el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales and the neuter lo cual. [edit]
When used for direct objects, "personal a" is required if the antecedent is human.
[edit] As the object of a prepositionIt can be used as a formal, emphatic replacement for el que, usually in non-defining clauses, as the object of a preposition (including a representing the indirect object). There are three main situations in which this happens. Firstly, it can be purely a matter of high style. This is used sparingly in Spanish, and so foreigners should avoid over-using it.
In more everyday style, this might be phrased as:
Secondly, el cual is often preferred after propositions of more than syllable (para, contra, entre, mediante...) and after prepositional phrases (a pesar de, debajo de, a causa de, frente a, en virtud de, gracias a, por consecuencia de...).
Thirdly, el cual is preferred when it is separated from its antecedent by intervening words. The more words that intervene, the more the use of el cual is practically obligatory.
[edit] QuienThe pronoun quien comes from the Latin quem, "whom", i.e. the accusative of qui, "who". It too can replace [el] que in certain circumstances. Like the English pronouns "who" and "whom", it can only be used to refer to people. It is invariable for gender, and was originally invariable for number. However, by analogy with other words, the form quienes was invented. Quien as a plural form survives as an archaism which is now considered non-standard. [edit] For subjectsIt can represent a subject. In this case it is rather formal and is largely restricted to non-defining clauses. Unlike el cual, it does not indicate gender, but it does indicate number, and also specifies that a person is referred to.
[edit] For direct objects"Personal a" is required for direct objects because quien always refers to people.
[edit] As the object of a prepositionQuien is particularly common as the object of a proposition when the clause is non-defining, but is also possible in defining clauses.
[edit] Donde, adonde, como & cuando[edit] Location & movementDonde can be used instead of other relative pronouns when location is referred to. Adonde is a variant that can be used when motion to the location is intended.
[edit] MannerComo can be used instead of other relative pronouns when manner is referred to.
Note that for some reason mismo tends to require que:
[edit] TimeCuando tends to replace the use of other relative pronouns when time is referred to, almost always in non-defining clauses. Non-defining
Defining
Note that just que, or at the most en que, is normal with defining clauses referring to time. En el que and cuando are rarer. [edit] Cuyo[edit] Note on personal a in relative clauses[edit] Note on relative and interrogative pronouns[edit] Reflexive pronouns and impersonal se[edit] Reflexive meaning[edit] Reciprocal meaning[edit] Intransitive/passive/impersonal meaning[edit] Directory: download download -> Performance Tuning Guidelines for Windows Server 2008 May 20, 2009 Abstract download -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations download -> Bbc archives: Beyond the programme download download -> Occupational health and safety download -> Dynatest 3031 lwd light Weight Deflectometer download -> Forth coming competitive exams download -> English Olympiad Tasks: 10 th form Аудіювання, 10 клас. Текст download -> Brush High School Morning Announcements Friday, September 05, 2014 all school download -> Year 9 The Arts — Music download -> Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations — Australian Curriculum: Music draft Download 1.14 Mb. Share with your friends:
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