*OBSTRUENTS include the oral stops, the affricates and the fricatives.
*SONORANTS include the nasal stops, approximants and the vowels.
APPROXIMANTS
Liquids
Semi-vowels (glides)
SIBILANT SOUNDS
s
ʃ
z
ʒ
AFFRICATE = STOPPLUSFRICATIVE.
The alveolar trill /r/and the alveolar or post-alveolar approximant /ɹ/.
When a vowel is followed by an /r/, it makes a special sound. These are called r-controlled vowels, or r-colored vowels.
AMERICAN ENGLISH PRONUNCIATION
The schwa + r = /ɚ/
STRESS
strong
loud
long
full
high
UNSTRESS
weak
quiet
short
reduced
low
RETROFLEX=Tongue tip toward Hard palate
A consonant sound produced with the tip of the tongue curled back toward the hard palate.
ISTANBUL TURKISH /ŋ/
Sanki /sɑŋki/ yangın /jɑŋgın/ hangi /hɑŋgi/
banka /bɑŋkɑ/ denge /deŋge/
/ŋ/ sound
The letters ‘ng’ are pronounced /ŋ/ sound. Put your tongue back as if you are going to make the sound/k/. With your tongue in this position try to say /n/.
/g/ is not pronounced.
The letters ‘nk’or ‘nc’ are pronounced /ŋk/ sound.
Dividing words into parts helps speed the process of decoding. Knowing the rules for syllable division will help students read words more accurately and fluently.
It is very important to have the ability to divide words into syllables (syllable awareness). How you divide a word makes a big difference in how the word would be pronounced.
It provides students with essential-fundamental knowledge in the alphabetic system.
Knowing the six syllable types will allow the students to become a strong reader and speller.
Phonemic awareness is more highly related to learning to read than are tests of general intelligence, reading readiness, and listening compre-hension. (Stanovich, 1993)
Students who have well-developed phonological skills learn to read with more success.
Syllable Awareness makes speech easier for the brain to process.
It is useful to teach explicit, systematic phonics rules.
‘Phonics first, syllables always’
WORD STRESS RULES Dictionaries are very important to teach languages. Because they show the phonetic spelling of a word, and which syllable is stressed in a word.
In English, we don’t say each syllable with the same force or stress. We say one syllable loudly, other syllables quietly.
One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses, but a secondary stress in long words)
The stressed syllable is strong, big or loud. The unstressed syllables are weak, small or quiet.
We can only stress vowel sounds, not consonant sounds.
We divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes, and roots which have vowel sounds.
Word Stress is the part of spoken English. Word stress is not optional. An apostrophe /ˈ/is used to show which syllable is stressed.
The secondary stress (comma /ˌ/) is used in long words.
,
ENGLISH WORD STRESS = PRIMARY, SECONDARY and WEAK STRESS
SYLLABLE DIVISION
1
Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes, and roots which have vowel sounds.
2
When the first syllable has an obvious short sound, we divide words after the consonant sound. Because they are closed syllables and have the primary stress.
3
Divide the word whenever there is a short vowel followed by a consonant.
4
Divide the word whenever there is a long vowel or a diphthong.
5
Divide the word between two consonants (middle) unless they form a blend.
6
Endings help us find the correct word stress.
NATURAL ENGLISH
Syllabic Consonants
/'æpl/, /'lɪsn/...
Syllabic Nasal
/'drɪvn/...
SECONDARY STRESS (ACCENT)
The secondary stress is common before the primary stress in long words with several syllables,
and after the primary stress in many compound words.
All words have a primary (main)stress.
Long words also have a secondary stress in English.
English Stress = Schwa Prediction
The schwa is the most common sound = stressed language.
There is usually unstress on inflectional and derivational affixes.
STRESS on a VOWEL SOUND
We can only stress vowel sounds, not consonant sounds.
United States of America
/juˌnaɪtɪd ˌsteɪts əv əˈmerɪkə/
DOĞAL VURGU =/ɪ/and/ə/
Dilin yapısı ve kelimenin anlamıyla doğrudan ilgili olan, konuşana ve kullanışa göre değişmeyen, herkes tarafından uyulması gereken vurgudur. Doğal vurguya uyulmadığı zaman dilin yapısı bozulur.
DUDAKLAR ve DİLİN DURUMU = PASİF, ZAYIF, ENERJİSİZ
STRUCTURE WORDS = FUNCTION WORDS
ARTICLES / QUANTIFIERS
AUXILIARY (HELPING) VERBS
PREPOSITIONS / PARTICLES
PRONOUNS
EXCEPTION
because
/bɪˈkəz/
cigarette
/ˌsɪgəˈret/
SHORT and LONG VOWEL SOUNDS are ONE-SYLLABLE
DIPH-THONGS are ONE–SYLLABLE
TRIPH-THONGS are ONE-SYLLABLE
/ə/ MAKES ENGLISH REAL and NATURAL
/ə/ = DOĞAL ÜNLÜ = DOĞAL VURGU = DOĞAL ORTAM
Many students have some problems with /ə/ sound while learning English. Because most syllables that are low, short, and quiet in English have the vowel sound /ə/ or /ɪ/.
