Report No. 53081-bd agricultural Insurance in Bangladesh Promoting Access to Small and Marginal Farmers June 2010 the world bank south Asia Poverty Reduction, Economic Management, Finance and Private Sector Development Insurance for the Poor



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Source: (BARC, 1995).

    1. Crop selection and cropping calendars in Bangladesh are adjusted to the monsoon rains. Two main crop seasons can be distinguished in Bangladesh: the Kharif summer monsoon season and the Rabi winter dry season. The Kharif season starts in July and extends up to November, when crop cultivation is mainly rain fed and reliant on the monsoon rains; this crop season is characterized by high temperatures, rainfall, and humidity. The Rabi crop season begins at the end of the monsoon period in late November and extends up to the end of March; this season is characterized by dry sunny hot weather but with a cool period in January and February. Aus paddy crops are grown in the pre-Kharif season from May to July. Aman paddy crops are grown in the Kharif season from July to November. Boro paddy crops are grown in the Rabi season from December to April. Wheat is a winter grown from November to March. Figure 3.1 shows the crop calendar for major crops and the adjustment of crop calendar to the monsoon rainfall.

Figure 3.1 Crop Calendar for Major Crops in Bangladesh



Source: (FAO, 2007)

    1. The cropping patterns in Bangladesh are highly influenced by topography and susceptibility to different types of flooding. The flood “inundation” land types in Bangladesh can be divided into five main categories (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2007): highland, medium land, low land, very low land, and hilly land. The main features of each of these land inundation types are sumarized in box 3.1

Box 3.1 Bangladesh: Features of the different land inundations types


Highland: – The area is relatively high and cannot hold waters during monsoon. Some waters are retained by raising bandhs around fields. Highland may be suitable for Kharif or perennial dry-land crops if the soils are permeable. Impermeable soils may be suitable for transplanted Aus and/or Aman paddy if bandhs are made to retain rainwater on fields. The tract and area spreads over Modhupur Garh in Mymensingh, Bhaoal’s Garh in Dhaka, Barind tract in Rajshahi Division, Lalmai area in Comilla, and ‘Tilla’ areas in Sylhet region.
Medium land – This land is normally flooded to a depth between 90 centimeters and 180 centimeters during the flood season. Water movements can be controlled with help of bandhs. Medium Highland is suitable for crops which can tolerate shallow flooding, such as broadcast or transplanted Aus paddy, jute, and transplanted Aman paddy. Early Kharif dry-land crops which mature before flooding starts can be grown on permeable soils, and late Kharif and early Rabbi dry-land crops on soils which drain in September-October. Medium lowland is flooded too deeply for transplanted Aus or transplanted Aman paddy to be grown safely. Mixed broadcast Aus and deepwater Aman is a common practice; or long Aman seedlings may be transplanted if floodwater recedes early enough. Dry-land Rabi crops area widely grown on soils which drain in October or November. The area includes northern parts of Dhaka and Barisal, part of Mymensingh, eastern of Chittagong, Noakhali and Comilla, parts of Sylhet, Rajshahi, Dinajpur, Rangpur, Bogra, Pabna, Khulna, Jessore, and Kushtia.
Low land – Monsoon waters stand in the land more than 1 m depth and may reach 3.5 m, and the water movements cannot be controlled. Low land is flooded too deeply for broadcast Aus or transplanted Aman to be grown. Deepwater Aman is typically grown on such land, although the cultivation of irrigated Boro paddy on such land in the dry season now precludes the cultivation of deepwater Aman over considerable areas of low land. Dry land Rabi crops can be grown only if floodwater recedes before December. The area includes parts of Pabna and Faridpur, southern part of Dhaka, part of Mymensingh, western parts of Comilla and Noakhali, and parts of Sylhet, Bogra, and Khulna.
Very low land – The land consists of haors, beels, canals, and other low-lying areas and during the rainy season looks like large lakes. Water depth may be as much as 9 meters. In winter, waters dry up except in the center. Very Low land generally is too deeply flooded for even deepwater Aman paddy to be grown (this is not necessarily because of the depth of flooding but because of such associated characteristics as early flooding, rapid flooding, or wave action on large open bodies of water, as in the Sylhet Basin). Where cultivated, very low land is generally used for irrigated Boro paddy, either HYV or local varieties. Bottomland stays too wet for paddy to be broadcast sown. The traditional crop on such land is local transplanted Boro paddy, either unirrigated or irrigated by traditional low-lift irrigation devices. In a few other areas where flooding normally does not exceed about 1.5 m, very long Aman paddy seedlings are transplanted early in the monsoon season. Most of the haors and beels lie in Sylhet region and in Kishoreganj and Netrokona Districts of Mymensingh region.
Hilly land – The land spreads over Chittagong Hill Tracts in a forested area that is distinct from the rest of the country. It includes part of Chittagong, northern part of Mymensingh, north and southern parts of Sylhet, eastern border of Comilla, and northeastern strip of Noakhali region.

Source: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2007.




    1. The development of public-sector irrigation and especially private shallow tube-well irrigation facilities in Bangladesh has led to a major expansion in the cultivation of Rabi (dry season) crops in the past decade. Bangladesh has increased considerably the irrigated area in the past 10 years. In 1996–97 there were only around 9,000,000 acres under irrigation. In 2009, 14,560,000 acres, or 43 percent of the cultivated area was under irrigation. As a result of the improvement in irrigation coverage, the cultivated area of Rabi crops has notably increased from 20 percent of the total cultivated area in the seventies to 36 percent of the total cultivated area in 2007–08.

    2. Bangladesh faces a complex environment for crop production; thus the cropping systems in the country are also complex. In order to cope with the risks associated with cropping activities, the farmers have devised a complex but sustainable, low-input, risk-aversion type of mixed farming to attain a minimum food security in the face of natural hazards. As part of their risk-management strategy, the farmers employ different technology packages on their crops, which include the selection of the varieties, the selection of the planting dates, the crop planting modalities, the crop husbandry practices, and so forth.

    3. Bangladesh may be significantly affected by climate change. The General Circulation Model (GCM) used by the US Climate Change Study team for Bangladesh predicted that the average increase in temperature would be 1.3°C and 2.6°C for the years 2030 and 2070, respectively. It was found that there would be a seasonal variation in changed temperature: 1.4°C change in the winter and 0.7°C in the monsoon months in 2030. For 2070 the variation would be 2.1°C and 1.7°C for winter and monsoon seasons, respectively. Winter precipitation was predicted to decrease to a negligible rate in 2030, while in 2075 there would not be any appreciable rainfall in winter at all. On the other hand, monsoon precipitation would increase at a rate of 12 percent and 27 percent for the two projection years, respectively (Ahmed, 1999).

    4. Climate factors strongly interact to affect crop yields; therefore, it is likely that climate change will affect crop production. Over 30 percent of the net available cultivable land of Bangladesh is located in the coastal areas which will be affected by the combination of sea level rise and an increase in salinity in the already affected soils of the coastal regions. Less rainfall during winter due to climate change would lead to a decrease in moisture content of the topsoil, as well as less recharging of the groundwater table. Higher evaporation would cause worse drought-like conditions. In summer, increased precipitation would worsen the flood situation, which will have a negative effect on agricultural production.

Regional Distribution of Crop Production

    1. In the crop calendar year 2006-07, the gross cultivated area in Bangladesh was nearly 34,000,000 acres, of which 14,559,000 acres (43 percent of total) were irrigated. In 2006-07, cereals accounted for 82 percent of total cultivated area, with paddy rice being the most important cereal crop, accounting for 78 percent of total cultivated area, followed by cash crops at 9.4 percent of cultivated area and other crops (including vegetables and pulses) at 8.8 percent of cultivated area (table 3.1.). The total cultivated area for summer season and winter season crops and permanent crops was 33,679,000 acres, implying a cropping intensity of 170 percent. Further information about harvested area and crop production is presented in annex 6.

Table 3.1. Bangladesh Crop Production in 2006-07

Crop

Harvested Area (acres)

% of Area

Production (Metric Tons)

Average Yield (kg/ha)

Paddy Crops

26,141,643

77.6%

27,318,000

1,045

Wheat

985,964

2.9%

737,000

747

Minor Cereals

425,495

1.3%

916,965

2,155

Total Cereals

27,553,102

81.8%

28,971,965

1,051

Cash Crop

3,167,635

9.4%

12,731,802

4,019

Total Other Crops

2,958,907

8.8%

5,555,783

1,878

Total Crops

33,679,644

100%

47,259,550

1,403


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