Review of policy: importation of grapevine
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- 1.2.2 Scope
- 1.2.3 Permitted species of grapevine
1.2.1 BackgroundMany pathogens are associated with the production of grapevines worldwide. Like other vegetatively propagated crops, grapevines are infected by numerous pathogens, among which viroids, viruses and phytoplasmas play a major role, causing degenerative diseases, heavy losses and sometimes plant death. As grapevines are propagated mainly by vegetative means, there is a considerable risk of introducing and spreading these pathogens through international trade of grapevine propagative material. The introduction of economically important grapevine pests into Australia could result in substantial costs in eradication, containment or control. Pest establishment and spread could also lead to an increase in the use of chemical controls and could jeopardize export markets. Australia’s existing policy allows importation of grapevine propagative material (dormant cuttings, tissue culture and seed) from any source. The policy includes on-arrival inspection and mandatory treatment and growth in a government post-entry plant quarantine (PEQ) facility, with appropriate disease screening. Separate conditions also exist for dormant cuttings, tissue culture and seeds from approved sources. Plant Biosecurity initiated this review as new pathogens have been identified on grapevines (Vitis species) and several pathogens have extended their global range. For instance, Grapevine virus F (Al-Rwahnih et al. 2012b), Grapevine Pinot gris virus (Giampetruzzi et al. 2012) and Grapevine red blotch-associated virus (Al-Rwahnih et al. 2012a) have recently been identified. Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 5 (GLRaV-5) has been reported to have spread to vineyards in China, Chile, Portugal, Spain, Turkey; Arabis mosaic virus in Spain; GLRaV-4 in China; GSyV-1 in Washington state, Italy and France; GLRaV-2 and GVB in Croatia; Citrus exocortis viroid in China and Grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1 and Hop stunt viroid in New Zealand (Martelli 2012). Uncontrolled movement of infected propagative material has helped to spread these pathogens into new areas. Additionally, the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation requested Plant Biosecurity to review and develop PEQ protocols for Vitis nursery stock that will minimise the time imported cultivars spend in quarantine, while maintaining quarantine integrity.
This review does not consider existing phytosanitary measures during the pest risk assessment. Existing phytosanitary measures are only considered during the development of risk management measures, if they are required, following the pest risk analysis. This policy review is limited to recommending appropriate phytosanitary measures to address the risk of introducing quarantine pests of grapevine propagative material into Australia. It is the importer's responsibility to ensure compliance with the requirements of all other regulatory and advisory bodies associated with importing commodities to Australia. Among others, these could include the Australian Customs Service, Department of Health and Ageing, Therapeutic Goods Administration, Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority, Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts and State Departments of Agriculture. 1.2.3 Permitted species of grapevineThere are a number of grapevine species (Vitis species) that are currently permitted entry into Australia as propagative material (dormant cuttings, tissue cultures and seed), subject to specific import conditions. These conditions are available on the Import CONditions database (ICON) at http://www.aqis.gov.au/icon. The list of Vitis species currently permitted entry into Australia (C 16904) from all sources is provided in Table 1.1. ‘Grapevine propagative material’ will hereafter refer to the dormant cuttings, tissue cultures and/or seed of these permitted species only. Table 1.1 List of Vitis species permitted entry into Australia from all sources
Plant Biosecurity has conducted this pest risk analysis (PRA) in accordance with the International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), including ISPM 2: Framework for pest risk analysis (FAO 2007) and ISPM 11: Pest risk analysis for quarantine pests, including analysis of environmental risks and living modified organisms (FAO 2004). The standards provide a broad rationale for the analysis of the scientific evidence to be taken into consideration when identifying and assessing the risk posed by quarantine pests. Following ISPM 11, this pest risk analysis process comprises of three discrete stages:
Phytosanitary terms used in this PRA are defined in ISPM 5 (FAO 2009). 2.1 Stage 1: Initiation The initiation of a risk analysis involves identifying the reason for the PRA and the identification of the pest(s) and pathway(s) that should be considered for risk analysis in relation to the identified PRA area. This commodity-based pest risk assessment was initiated by Plant Biosecurity as a basis for a review and possible revision of the existing phytosanitary regulations to import grapevine propagative material into Australia. Additionally, the Grape and Wine Research and Development Corporation requested Plant Biosecurity to review and develop PEQ protocols for Vitis nursery stock that will minimise the time imported cultivars spend in quarantine, while maintaining an appropriate level of protection from the threat of exotic pests and diseases. The review was also necessary as new pathogens have been identified on grapevine and several pathogens have extended their global range. In the context of this PRA, grapevine propagative material (dormant cuttings, tissue culture and seed) is a potential import ‘pathway’ by which a pest can enter Australia. A list of pests associated with grapevines worldwide was tabulated from published scientific literature, such as reference books, journals and database searches. This information is set out in Appendix A and forms the basis of the pest categorisation. For this PRA, the ‘PRA area’ is defined as Australia for pests that are absent from Australia or of limited distribution and under official control in Australia.
2.2 Stage 2: Pest Risk Assessment A pest risk assessment is the ‘evaluation of the probability of the introduction and spread of a pest and of the magnitude of the associated potential economic consequences’ (FAO 2009, p. 13). The pest risk assessment provides technical justification for identifying quarantine pests and for establishing phytosanitary import requirements. This is a commodity-initiated pest risk analysis and risk is estimated through a standard set of factors that contribute to the introduction, establishment, spread or potential economic impact of pests. This pest risk assessment was conducted using three consecutive steps: pest categorisation; assessment of the probability of entry, establishment and spread; and assessment of potential consequences. Directory: sites -> default -> files -> documents documents -> North Mankato Taylor Library documents -> In the Red and Brown Water documents -> - documents -> Cbp and Trade Automated Interface Requirements Appendix: pga december 22, 2015 documents -> Ace abi catair customs and Trade Automated Interface Requirements documents -> Ace abi catair customs and Trade Automated Interface Requirements documents -> Mobile audio/video recording systems documents -> The south australian government gazette documents -> All public acts appearing in this gazette are to be considered official, and obeyed as such documents -> Union interparlementaire inter-parliamentary union Download 3.93 Mb. Share with your friends:
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