Yes: These species lay eggs into branches and emerging larvae tunnel into new shoots (Filip 1986; Moleas 1988). Adults are twig borers and feeds on shoots and branches and have a long life cycle. Therefore, dormant cuttings may harbour larvae and may provide a pathway for these bostrichids.
Yes: These species occur naturally in temperate climates (Filip 1986; Moleas 1988) and would find both climatic conditions and host plants suitable for survival and establishment in Australia. Independent spread is facilitated by active flying (Fettig 2005). Therefore, these species have the potential to establish and spread in Australia.
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Yes: Sinoxylon perforans is recorded as infesting 30–40% of grapevines in Romania (Filip 1986) and is becoming a serious pest in Italy (Ragazzini 1996). Sinoxylon sexdentatum has been recorded as causing severe infestations (28%) in a two year old vineyard in Italy (Moleas 1988). Therefore, these pests have the potential for economic consequences in Australia.
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Yes
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Sinoxylon sexdentatum Olivier 1790 [Coleoptera: Bostrichidae]
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Not known to occur
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Yes
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Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal 1834 [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Stenygrinum quadrinotatum Bates 1873 [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Larvae of this species attack woody parts of grapevines as internal borers (Luo et al. 2005).Semi-hardwood dormant cuttings are not preferred sites for egg laying and development. Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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Trichoferus campestris Faldermann 1835 [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species is a timber borer that has been intercepted in dunnage (Iwata and Yamada 1990; Grebennikov et al. 2010). Borers require thick wood for egg laying and development (Goodwin 2005). Semi-hardwood dormant cuttings are not preferred sites for egg laying and development. Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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Tristaria grouvellei Reitter 1878 [Coleoptera: Bostrichidae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Trogoxylon impressum Comolli 1837 [Coleoptera: Lyctidae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Xyleborus cristatulus Schedl 1953 [Coleoptera: Curculionidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Scolytine beetles are associated with woody plant products (Luo et al. 2005). Semi-hardwood dormant cuttings are not preferred sites for egg laying and development. Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Xylobosca bispinosa MacLeay 1872 [Coleoptera: Bostrichidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Xylopsocus gibbicollis MacLeay 1872 [Coleoptera: Bostrichidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus Bates 1873 [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Larvae bore into the roots, stems and branches of grapevines (Zhang 2005). Borers require thick wood for egg laying and development (Goodwin 2005). Semi-hardwood dormant cuttings are not preferred sites for egg laying and development. Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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DERMAPTERA (earwigs)
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Forficula auricularia Linnaeus 1758 [Dermaptera: Forficulidae]
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Yes (Weiss and McDonald 1998)
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Assessment not required
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DIPTERA (flies)
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Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel 1912) [Diptera: Tephritidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species damages fruit (White and Elson-Harris 1992). None of the life stages are associated with dormant cuttings; therefore this pest is not on the pathway.
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Bactrocera tryoni Froggatt 1897 [Diptera: Tephritidae]
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Yes (Maliptail et al. 1996), under official control.
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No: Bactrocera tryoni larvae feed internally in fruit (Botha et al. 2000). Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann 1824 [Diptera: Tephritidae]
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Yes (Smith et al. 1997), under official control
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No: Ceratitis capitata adults lay eggs within host fruits and the larvae feed internally (Thomas et al. 2001). Therefore, dormant grapevine cuttings do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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Ceratitis rosa Karsch 1887 [Diptera: Tephritidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species damages fruits (White and Elson-Harris 1992; Smith et al. 1997). None of the life stages are associated with dormant cuttings; therefore this pest is not on the pathway.
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Assessment not required
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Contarinia johnsoni Felt 1909 [Diptera: Cecidomyiidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Grape blossom midges lay eggs in unopened grape flower buds and hatching larvae eat the inner portions of the flower (Williams et al. 2011). Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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Drosophila melanogaster Meigen 1830 [Diptera: Drosophilidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Drosophila simulans Sturtevant 1919 [Diptera: Drosophilidae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Drosophila suzukii matsumura 1931 [Diptera: Drosophilidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species preferentially lays eggs on fully ripened fruits of host plants (Kanzawa 1936). Therefore, dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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Lasioptera vitis Osten Sacken 1862 [Diptera: Cecidomyiidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Eggs are laid either on or in leaves, leaf petioles, tendrils or cluster stems, causing gall formation on these plant parts (Williams et al. 2011). The emerging larvae feed within the gall and later on larvae leave the galls, fall to the soil and pupate. Dormant cuttings are not egg laying sites for gall-forming flies and therefore do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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HEMIPTERA (aphids, leafhoppers, mealybugs, psyllids, scales, true bugs, whiteflies)
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Acia lineatifrons Naude 1926 [Hemiptera]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species lays eggs on the underside of leaves (Marais 1997) and adults feed on leaves and suck sap from the phloem (Marais 1997). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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Aleurolobus taeonabe (Kuwana 1911) [Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: Adults and nymphs suck plant juice from the leaves and grape berries (Li 2004). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this species.
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Assessment not required
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Amblypelta lutescens lutescens Distant 1911 [Hemiptera: Coreidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Aonidiella aurantii Maskell 1879 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Aonidiella orientalis Newstead 1894 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Aphis craccivora Koch 1854 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Aphis fabae Scopoli 1763 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
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Not known to occur
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No: These aphid species overwinter as eggs on their primary hosts (Cammell 1981; Mackenzie and Dixon 1990; OHU 2010) and adults move to secondary hosts, in the summer months and attack the foliage, flowers and twigs of host plants (Mackenzie 1996; Liburd et al. 2004; Graham 2007). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for these aphids.
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Assessment not required
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Aphis illinoisensis Shimer 1866 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
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Not known to occur
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Assessment not required
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Aphis spiraecola Patch 1914 [Hemiptera: Aphididae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Arboridia adanae Diabola 1957 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: These leafhoppers feed on the leaf-mesophyll tissue of Vitis species (Bournier 1976). Arboridia adanae eggs are laid on the leaves (Kharizanov 1969). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for these pests.
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Assessment not required
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Arboridia apicalis Nawa 1913 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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Assessment not required
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Arboridia hussaini Ghauri 1963 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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Assessment not required
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Arboridia Kermanshah Dlabola 1963 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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Assessment not required
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Arboridia viniferata Sohi & Sandhu 1971 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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Assessment not required
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Aspidiotus destructor Signoret 1869 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Aspidiotus nerii Bouché 1966 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes (PHA 2001)
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Assessment not required
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Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell 1892 [Hemiptera: Asterolecaniidae] (synonym: Russellaspis pustulans pustulans Cockerell)
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Not known to occur
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No: Oleander pit scale is found on the leaves, bark, stems and fruit of host plants (Hamon 1977), including grapevines (Ben-Dov et al. 2012). The severity of pit development around the scale is dependent on the susceptibility of host plants (Hamon 1977). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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Balclutha hebe Kirkaldy 1976 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species feeds and lays eggs on the leaves of host plants (Abu-Yaman 1967). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this pest.
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Assessment not required
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Ceroplastes rusci Linnaeus 1758 [Hemiptera: Coccidae]
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Yes (CSIRO 2005)
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Assessment not required
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Chrysomphalus aonidum Linnaeus 1758 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Morgan 1889 [Hemiptera: Diaspididae]
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Yes ( Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Cicadella viridis Linnaeus 1758 [Hemiptera: Cicadellidae]
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Not known to occur
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No: This species often occurs in fens and marshes (Nickel and Remane 2002) and in vineyards (Mazzoni et al. 2001). This leafhopper species feeds on the leaves of host plants (Silverside 2006). Therefore, foliage free dormant cuttings do not provide a pathway for this leafhopper.
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Assessment not required
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Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus 1758 [Hemiptera: Coccidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Colgar peracutum Walker 1858 [Hemiptera: Flatidae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Creontiades dilutus Stal 1859 [Hemiptera: Miridae]
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Yes (Naumann 1993)
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Assessment not required
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Daktulosphaira vitifoliae Fitch 1855 [Hemiptera: Phylloxeridae]
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Yes (Restricted distribution [Loch and Slack 2007] and under official control [NVHSC 2005]).
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Yes: Daktulosphaira vitifolii has a complex lifecycle that involves migration from the roots to the leaves and back to the roots (Granett et al. 2001; Forneck and Huber 2009). It is possible that migrating crawlers or overwintering hibernants could be present on grapevine stems. Radicicoles may also feed on stems (Granett et al. 2001) and winged forms lay overwintering eggs beneath the bark on grapevine stems (Buchanan et al. 1994; Granett et al. 2001). Therefore, this pest may be associated with grapevine dormant cuttings.
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