5.4Results
Table 5-5 presents the results of bivariate probit analysis when age group 50-54 and elementary school (edu2) are considered as reference value (i.e. the constant in the equation). The two spectator groups are not independent since ρ = 0.625. Hence the hypothesis that spectators of movies and arts belong to independent groups can be rejected. There are common characteristics, a common background which could be called as an intrinsic culture orientation. If a person likes art exhibitions, opera and theatrical performances, she also likes to see movies at cinema. Those that are inactive and culture orientated do not go to exhibitions or performances and to the cinema. However, there are some particular effects that are related with exhibitions and performances or with movies.
The importance of gender is very strong: females are more active in both arts (highbrow) and movies. The direct marginal effect of gender (female) is positive, but the indirect marginal effect is negative. Both the direct and indirect marginal effects have been reported only for the highbrow art (art exhibition, opera and theatrical performances. The negative indirect effect describes the preference of seeing a film in the cinema. These leisure time activities are to some extent substitutes. Marital status matters: married or common-law married citizens go more often to see highbrow art. The coefficient of common-law marriage in the probit equation for the movies is negative, indicating that they prefer more highbrow arts than movies in the cinema. Unmarried or single citizens on the contrary go to the cinema more often. The gender effect on art consumption found here is in line with the results of Bihagen and Katz-Gerro (2000). Females are more omnivore compared with males who are more paucivore.
Table 5 : Bivariate probit analysis
|
Art1234_5
|
Art1234_5: total marginal effect
|
Art1234_5: direct marginal effect
|
Art1234_5: indirect marginal effect
|
Mov1234_5
|
gender (male=1, female=2)
|
0.423
(0.097)***
|
0.064
(0.016)***
|
0.074
(0.017)***
|
-0.010
(0.005)(*)
|
0.189
(0.096)*
|
Marital status: single
|
-0.004
(0.188)
|
0.009
(0.031)
|
-0.001
(0.033)
|
0.010
(0.010)
|
-0.180
(0.188)
|
Marital status: married
|
0.319
(0.203)
|
0.070
(0.034)*
|
0.056
(0.036)
|
0.014
(0.011)
|
-0.264
(0.198)
|
MS: common-law marriage
|
0.198
(0.217)
|
0.057
(0.036)
|
0.034
(0.038)
|
0.022
(0.012)(*)
|
-0.403
(0.225)(*)
|
age15_19
|
-0.038
(0.310)
|
-0.063
(0.053)
|
-0.007
(0.054)
|
-0.056
(0.026)*
|
1.027
(0.458)*
|
age20_24
|
-0.242
(0.270)
|
-0.087
(0.045)*
|
-0.042
(0.047)
|
-0.044
(0.018)*
|
0.806
(0.327)*
|
age25_29
|
0.056
(0.259)
|
-0.033
(0.043)
|
0.010
(0.045)
|
-0.043
(0.015)**
|
0.786
(0.254)**
|
age30_34
|
0.133
(0.297)
|
-0.049
(0.048)
|
0.023
(0.052)
|
-0.073
(0.021)***
|
1.321
(0.369)***
|
age35_39
|
0.331
(0.249)
|
0.013
(0.041)
|
0.058
(0.044)
|
-0.045
(0.015)**
|
0.826
(0.268)**
|
age40_44
|
0.069
(0.244)
|
-0.017
(0.041)
|
0.012
(0.043)
|
-0.029
(0.013)*
|
0.531
(0.229)*
|
age45_49
|
0.158
(0.205)
|
-0.007
(0.034)
|
0.028
(0.036)
|
-0.034
(0.012)***
|
0.626
(0.212)***
|
age50_54 = con
|
|
|
|
|
|
age55_59
|
0.064
(0.204)
|
0.001
(0.034)
|
0.011
(0.036)
|
-0.011
(0.009)
|
0.193
(0.169)
|
age60_64
|
0.035
(0.189)
|
-0.007
(0.032)
|
0.006
(0.033)
|
-0.013
(0.009)
|
0.234
(0.168)
|
age65_69
|
0.053
(0.233)
|
-0.006
(0.037)
|
0.009
(0.040)
|
-0.016
(0.012)
|
0.284
(0.212)
|
age70_74
|
-0.168
(0.236)
|
-0.009
(0.039)
|
-0.029
(0.041)
|
0.020
(0.011)(*)
|
-0.367
(0.201)(*)
|
edu1
|
0.687
(0.290)*
|
0.077
(0.049)
|
0.120
(0.052)*
|
-0.043
(0.023)(*)
|
0.783
(0.432)(*)
|
edu2 = con
|
|
|
|
|
|
edu3
|
0.424
(0.213)*
|
0.053
(0.035)
|
0.074
(0.037)*
|
-0.022
(0.011)*
|
0.395
(0.196)*
|
edu4
|
0.550
(0.167)***
|
0.075
(0.028)**
|
0.096
(0.030)**
|
-0.021
(0.009)*
|
0.386
(0.160)*
|
edu5
|
0.841
(0.221)***
|
0.108
(0.039)**
|
0.147
(0.040)***
|
-0.039
(0.014)***
|
0.714
(0.248)***
|
edu6
|
1.037
(0.191)***
|
0.145
(0.033)***
|
0.182
(0.035)***
|
-0.037
(0.010)***
|
0.675
(0.165)***
|
edu7
|
0.863
(0.258)***
|
0.104
(0.043)*
|
0.151
(0.046)***
|
-0.047
(0.016)***
|
0.865
(0.280)***
|
edu8
|
1.425
(0.463)***
|
0.150
(0.082)(*)
|
0.250
(0.081)***
|
-0.100
(0.037)***
|
1.821
(0.665)***
|
edu9
|
1.111
(0.340)***
|
0.160
(0.058)**
|
0.195
(0.062)***
|
-0.035
(0.014)*
|
0.635
(0.249)**
|
spouse-edu1
|
-0.226
(1.327)
|
-0.049
(0.335)
|
-0.040
(0.233)
|
-0.009
(0.112)
|
0.169
(2.030)
|
spouse-edu2 = C
|
|
|
|
|
|
spouse-edu3
|
-0.129
(0.257)
|
-0.034
(0.043)
|
-0.023
(0.045)
|
-0.011
(0.014)
|
0.208
(0.252)
|
spouse-edu4
|
-0.225
(0.185)
|
-0.039
(0.030)
|
-0.040
(0.032)
|
0.000
(0.009)
|
-0.004
(0.172)
|
spouse-edu5
|
0.197
(0.329)
|
-0.004
(0.063)
|
0.035
(0.058)
|
-0.039
(0.023)(*)
|
0.711
(0.414)(*)
|
spouse-edu6
|
0.030
(0.227)
|
-0.011
(0.039)
|
0.005
(0.040)
|
-0.016
(0.011)
|
0.299
(0.199)
|
spouse-edu7
|
0.135
(0.333)
|
0.001
(0.055)
|
0.024
(0.058)
|
-0.022
(0.018)
|
0.410
(0.328)
|
spouse-edu8
|
-0.333
(0.388)
|
-0.055
(0.074)
|
-0.058
(0.068)
|
0.004
(0.022)
|
-0.066
(0.407)
|
spouse-edu9
|
0.597
(0.458)
|
0.069
(0.079)
|
0.105
(0.078)
|
-0.036
(0.018)*
|
0.648
(0.317)*
|
Area1
|
0.331
(0.149)*
|
0.026
(0.025)
|
0.058
(0.026)*
|
-0.032
(0.009)***
|
0.576
(0.143)***
|
Area2
|
0.356
(0.166)*
|
0.025
(0.028)
|
0.062
(0.029)*
|
-0.037
(0.010)***
|
0.682
(0.163)***
|
Area3
|
0.176
(0.180)
|
0.003
(0.030)
|
0.031
(0.032)
|
-0.028
(0.100)***
|
0.511
(0.176)***
|
Household’s size
|
0.033
(0.062)
|
-0.003
(0.011)
|
0.006
(0.011)
|
-0.009
(0.004)*
|
0.162
(0.076)*
|
Children <7
|
-0.221
(0.098)*
|
-0.031
(0.017)(*)
|
-0.039
(0.017)*
|
0.007
(0.006)
|
-0.133
(0.111)
|
Children 7-17
|
-0.292
(0.134)*
|
-0.032
(0.021)
|
-0.051
(0.024)*
|
0.019
(0.009)*
|
-0.343
(0.154)*
|
Household Incomes
|
0.191D-5
(0.582D-5)
|
-0.294D-6
(0.966D-6)
|
0.335D-6
(0.102D-5)
|
-0.629D-6
(0.492D-6))
|
0.114D-4
(0.901D-5)
|
Constant
|
-0.759
(0.252)***
|
|
|
|
-1.033
(0.270)***
|
ρ = 0.625 (0.048)***
|
|
|
|
|
|
(standard error in parenthesis.). Art1234_5: 0 =’ Never in the last twelve months’, 1 = Less often’ or ‘Several times per month’ or ‘Several times per week’ or ‘Every day’ - Mov1234_5 classified in the same way.
Log Likelihood = - 985.15, AIC = 1.633, BIC = 1.953, HQIC = 1.754, (*), *, **, *** = significance level 10%,5%,1%,0,1% .
|
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