Space Weaponization – 4 Week
Space Weaponization Bad – Space Debris
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- Space Weapons cause dangerous space debris – China proves Sénéchal 09
- Space Weapons create space debris and space debris prevents space wars Bao o7
- Space Weapons create dangerous space debris – prominent physicists agree CNN 02
Space Weaponization Bad – Space DebrisSpace Weapons cause space debris – Earth would no longer be navigable Hitchens 08 – Director at the Center for Defense Information, Editor of Defense News with a focus on military, defense industry; Brussels bureau chief. Washington Publishers environmental and defense newsletters, focusing on nuclear waste, electronic warfare, and military space; editorial board of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists; member of Women in International Security and the International Institute for Strategic Studies. (Theresa Hitchens “Space Wars,” March 2008, http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v298/n3/full/scientificamerican0308-78.html) mihe And space warfare, or even “live” tests of the weapons, could create so much space debris that Earth orbit would become unnavigable to civilian satellites and crewed spacecraft. One of the most serious technological challenges posed by space weapons is the proliferation of space debris, to which I alluded earlier. According to investigators at the air force, NASA and Celestrak (an independent space-monitoring Web site), the Chinese antisatellite test left more than 2,000 pieces of junk, baseball-size and larger, orbiting the globe in a cloud that lies between about 200 kilometers (125 miles) and 4,000 kilometers (2,500 miles) above Earth's surface. Perhaps another 150,000 objects that are a centimeter (half an inch) across and larger were released. High orbital velocities make even tiny pieces of space junk dangerous to spacecraft of all kinds. And ground stations cannot reliably monitor or track objects smaller than about five centimeters (two inches) across in low Earth orbit (around a meter in geostationary orbit), a capability that might enable satellites to maneuver out of the way. To avoid being damaged by the Chinese space debris, in fact, two U.S. satellites had to alter course. Any shooting war in space would raise the specter of a polluted space environment no longer navigable by Earth-orbiting satellites. Space Weapons cause dangerous space debris – China proves Sénéchal 09 – founder of INDEVAL Switzerland; degrees in economics and finance from Harvard University, London Business School, and Columbia University with highest honours (Phi Beta Kappa). (Thierry Sénéchal “Space Debris Pollution: A Convention Proposal,” 2009) mihe On 11 January 2007 a Chinese ground-based missile was used to destroy the Fengyun-1C spacecraft, an aging satellite orbiting more than 500 miles in space since May 1999. Although the test was hugely successful from a military point of view, demonstrating China‘s ability to use very sophisticated weapons to target regions of space that are home to various satellites and space-based systems, it caused great concerns to both the military and scientific communities. Indeed, the event is a real danger in the sense it may fuel an arms race and weaponization of space, with some countries being tempted to show they can easily control space as well. From the scientific perspective, the Chinese destruction of Fengyun-1C gave a new dimension to the space debris issue. In shattering the old weather-watching satellite into hundreds of large fragments, the Chinese created a large “debris cloud.” The debris are now spreading all around the earth, the majority of them residing in very long-lived orbits. The debris cloud extends from less than 125 miles (200 kilometers) to more than 2,292 miles (3,850 kilometers), encompassing all of low Earth orbit. As of 27 February 2007, the U.S. military‘s Space Surveillance Network had tracked and cataloged 900 debris fragments greater than 5 centimeters in size, large enough to create potentially serious collision problems. The total count of objects could go even higher based upon the mass of Fengyun-1C and the conditions of the breakup, which could have created millions of smaller pieces. Before I turn to the discussion on the proposed convention on space debris, I conclude that the present outer space regimes have no coverage of the space debris problem. The paucity or outright absence of law regarding certain key subjects such as liability and dispute resolution is causing concerns for the future. Under the scenarios discussed in Chapter 2, some regions of space are not safe anymore. Some governments and private sector actors are unsure of their rights and have no assurance that their efforts to go to space will be legally protected. This is why an international legal regime is proposed with new laws that would encourage a peaceful use of space for all. Space Weapons create space debris and space debris prevents space wars Bao o7 – Senior fellow of military theory studies and international relations at the Institute for Military Thought Studies, Academy of Military Sciences of the PLA of China; former director of the Institute; Virginia Military Institute, focusing on China-U.S. relations in the field of comparative security strategies and the application of deterrence theory (Shixiu Bao “Deterrence Revisited: Outer Space,” Winter 2007, http://www.wsichina.org/cs5_1.pdf) mihe It is a well-known phenomenon that the use of nuclear weapons is considered taboo. Along with the doctrine of mutual assured destruction, the use of nuclear weapons in war is almost unimaginable. The utilitization of nuclear weapons is therefore almost entirely limited to a role of deterrence. What about the taboo of space weapons? More and more specialists are looking at the impact of space debris that results from the use of space weapons. Large amounts of space debris caused by space weapons will invariably threaten space assets of all space-faring countries, not just intended target countries. Any attack by one country against another using space weapons will result in many losers. With so much of commercial, scientific and military activity increasingly reliant on space, there exists a considerable and growing taboo against using space weapons in a situation of conflict. Thus, under the conditions of American strategic dominance in space, reliable deterrents in space will decrease the possibility of the United States attacking Chinese space assets. Space Weapons create dangerous space debris – prominent physicists agree CNN 02 – (Richard Stenger, “Scientist: Space weapons pose debris threat,” May 03, 2002, http://articles.cnn.com/2002-05-03/tech/orbit.debris_1_low-earth-orbits-space-junk-international-space-station?_s=PM:TECH) mihe The use of weapons in space could leave so much debris in orbit that low-flying satellites could not safely operate, according to a prominent astrophysicist. But military and other officials dismissed the claim as overblown. The Pentagon's missile defense program envisions the possibility that powerful lasers or other weapons in orbit could help protect against enemy missile attacks. Joel Primack of the University of California, Santa Cruz, contends that such high-tech defenses could transform low-Earth orbits into a wasteland for decades or longer. "Even one war in space will [encase] the entire planet in a shell of whizzing debris that will thereafter make space near the Earth highly hazardous for peaceful as well as military purposes," Primack wrote in a report presented weeks ago to an international conference on science and spirituality. Kessler conducted groundbreaking research in the 1970s on the threat of orbital debris to satellites. His mathematical predictions that collisions would cascade into more and more collisions became known as the Kessler effect. He was one of the first people to sound the alarm about space junk. In fact, Kessler and others think there is enough junk now to pose significant risks to spacecraft in low-Earth orbits, a contention supported by returning space shuttles, which often have dings and window cracks. Other space dignitaries lend support to Primack, a Stanford University-trained particle physicist who helped develop the theory that dark matter helps structure the universe. Sydney Van Den Bergh, a physicist with the National Research Council of Canada, said he raised similar concerns years ago at an international conference on space law. And in April, astronaut Sally Ride, the first U.S. woman in space, gave a speech in which she said that anti-satellite weapons would be "disastrous." She said debris created by their use could damage satellites traveling in low-Earth orbits, a particularly popular zone of real estate between 150 and 400 miles high that includes the space shuttle, the international space station and reconnaissance satellites. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. 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