The Manager and Industry Associations

1. 
   National Association of Broadcasters (NAB)
   
   1. 
      largest broadcast industry trade organization
      
   2. 
      originally conceived to improve operating conditions – 1920s
      
   3. 
      supports & promotes industry stability & development
      
   4. 
      annual conferences & seminars
      
2. 
   Radio Advertising Bureau (RAB)
   
   1. 
      founded in 1951
      
   2. 
      sales & marketing arm of commercial radio
      
3. 
   Broadcasting Yearbook definitive industry directory
   

1. 
   FCC checks would-be station owner’s background
   
   1. 
      must be U.S. citizen
      
   2. 
      no criminal record
      
   3. 
      financially stable
      
   4. 
      solid personal & professional history
      
2. 
   purchaser should employ broker or attorney
   
3. 
   due diligence process to “obtain information that will (a) influence the decision of whether or not to proceed with the acquisition; and (b) have an effect on the purchase price or working capital adjustment”
   
4. 
   construction permit (CP) application required to build a new station
   

1. 
   aim: to air popular format to attract enough audience to satisfy advertisers
   
2. 
   most popular formats
   
   1. 
      Adult Contemporary (A/C)
      
      1. 
         strong in 25 to 49 age group, especially among women
         
      2. 
         demographic group with disposable income attracts advertisers
         
      3. 
         current (since 1970s) pop standards with some ballads & easy listening; no hard rock
         
      4. 
         mostly music, in 10- to 12-minute sweeps/blocks
         
      5. 
         clustered commercials
         
   2. 
      Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR)/Top 40
      
      1. 
         only current, fast-selling hits
         
      2. 
         narrow playlist draws teens, young adults
         
      3. 
         swift pace, decreased deejay presence
         
      4. 
         minimal news
         
      5. 
         promotions, contests popular
         
      6. 
         some have redirected playlists to create Modern Hits sound
         

1. 
   most popular, fastest growing format
   
2. 
   more prevalent in South & Midwest
   
3. 
   attracts broad listening demographic
   
4. 
   several variations within the format
   
5. 
   more than 2,600 stations air some form of country music
   

4. 
   Easy Listening
   
   1. 
      evolved from Beautiful Music stations of 1960s & 1970s
      
   2. 
      “wall-to-wall” instrumentals & soft vocals of established songs
      
   3. 
      minimal talk, except news & info during drivetime
      
   4. 
      many stations automated, use prepackaged programming
      
   5. 
      primary audience over age 50
      
   6. 
      following dwindled in recent years due to softer A/C formats
      
5. 
   Album-Oriented Rock (AOR)/Modern Rock
   
   1. 
      stations began in mid-1960s to counter Top 40
      
   2. 
      nonchart rock album cuts in sweeps; large airplay library
      
   3. 
      attracts males 18 to 34, but not many female listeners
      
   4. 
      minimal news
      
   5. 
      promotions relevant to listeners’ interests, attitudes
      
   6. 
      Alternative, Classic rock stations have cut into AOR numbers
      
6. 
   News and/or Talk
   
   1. 
      All-News
      
      1. 
         rotates blocks of local, regional, national news & features
         
      2. 
         requires 3 to 4 times the staff & budget of music operations
         
   2. 
      All-Talk
      
      1. 
         combines discussion & call-in shows
         
      2. 
         primarily medium & major market format
         
      3. 
         popular with a broad audience
         
         1. 
            large following among blue-collar workers & retirees
            
   3. 
      News/Talk hybrid format popular
      
   4. 
      primarily on AM, but nonmusic formats increasing on FM
      
   5. 
      All-Sports format has boosted popularity of nonmusic radio
      
7. 
   FM Talk
   
   1. 
      primary audience age 25 to 44, younger than AM talk
      
   2. 
      personality driven (Howard Stern, for example)
      
   3. 
      minimal news, main focus is entertainment
      
   4. 
      short segments covering variety of issues
      
   5. 
      youthful sound from “bumper music” played to intro segments
      
8. 
   Classic/Oldies/Nostalgia
   
   1. 
      music from years gone by
      
   2. 
      Nostalgia/Big Band
      
      1. 
         tunes popular as far back as 1940s & pre-rock 1950s
         
      2. 
         highly syndicated
         
      3. 
         mostly on AM, since most of the music predates stereo
         
      4. 
         music sweeps, low-profile deejays
         
      5. 
         audience tends to be over age 50
         
   3. 
      Oldies
      
      1. 
         pop tunes of late 1950s & 1960s
         
      2. 
         listeners age 30 to 50
         
      3. 
         few automated outlets, most originate own programming
         
      4. 
         air personalities play key role
         
      5. 
         commercials randomly placed, songs spaced for deejay patter
         
   4. 
      Classic/Vintage
      
      1. 
         Classic Rock concentrates on tunes featured by AOR stations over past 2 decades
         
      2. 
         Classic Hit fills gap between Oldies & CHR with playlists drawn from 1970s & 1980s Top 40
         
9. 
   Urban Contemporary (UC)
   
   1. 
      “melting pot” format attracts Hispanic, Black, white listeners
      
   2. 
      stations usually located in metropolitan areas
      
   3. 
      upbeat, danceable sound with hip, friendly, energetic deejays
      
   4. 
      music sweeps, long cuts, remixes
      
   5. 
      target audience age 18 to 34
      
   6. 
      contests, promotions important program elements
      
10. 
    Classical
    
    1. 
       fewer than 3 dozen full-time commercial Classical outlets in U.S.
       
    2. 
       first & foremost an FM format
       
    3. 
       loyal, upscale audience
       
       1. 
          25 to 49 years old
          
       2. 
          higher income
          
       3. 
          college-educated
          
    4. 
       longer news blocks
       
    5. 
       conservative, straightforward air sound; little announcer presence
       
11. 
    Religious
    
    1. 
       on radio since inception of medium
       
    2. 
       typically follows 1 of 2 programming approaches
       
       1. 
          includes life-affirming, Christian contemporary music
          
       2. 
          instead of music, concentrates on inspirational features, complementary talk & informational shows
          
    3. 
       most prevalent on AM
       
12. 
    Ethnic (Black & Hispanic)
    
    1. 
       more than 300 Black-oriented stations
       
       1. 
          today some efforts to broaden demographic base
          
       2. 
          old line R&B, gospel stations still exist mostly in South
          
    2. 
       Hispanic/Spanish-language stations
       
       1. 
          mostly in cities with large Latin populations
          
       2. 
          anticipated growth on AM band
          
    3. 
       broadcasts for other minority groups, including American Indians, Eskimos & Asians, as well as foreign-language programming
       
13. 
    Middle-of-the-Road (MOR)
    
    1. 
       “not too anything” format tries to be “all things to all people”
       
    2. 
       dwindling appeal due to rise of more specialized formats
       
    3. 
       predominantly over-40 age demographic
       
    4. 
       home of the on-air personality
       
    5. 
       lengthy blocks of news & sports during drivetime
       
    6. 
       with few exceptions, an AM format
       
14. 
    Niche Formats
    
    1. 
       rise in Alternatives focused on narrower demographic segments
       
    2. 
       All-Children’s Radio one of more successful niches
       

1. 
   most program directors (PDs) evolve from deejays with music/ production/ news experience
   
2. 
   Murphy quote about PD qualifications
   
3. 
   Cortese quote about value of formal education
   

1. 
   PD responsible for everything that is aired
   
2. 
   often hired to match predetermined format
   
3. 
   duties
   
   1. 
      establish programming & format policy, oversee execution
      
   2. 
      hire & supervise on-air, music, production personnel
      
   3. 
      plan various schedules
      
   4. 
      handle programming budget
      
   5. 
      develop promotions
      
   6. 
      monitor station & competitors
      
   7. 
      assess research
      
   8. 
      accountable for news, public affairs, sports delegated to news director
      
   9. 
      may even pull an air shift
      
4. 
   effectiveness measured by ratings in large markets, sales in small markets
   
   1. 
      Fatherly quote on PD’s vulnerability to ratings
      

1. 
   PD ensures effective, strategic presentation of on-air ingredients (music, commercials, news, promos, weather, etc.)
   
2. 
   determines content of each sound hour to enhance flow, optimize impact
   
3. 
   program wheels/clocks guide air people (see samples in textbook)
   
   1. 
      clocks set up with competition, market factors in mind
      
   2. 
      even News/Talk stations need program clocks
      
   3. 
      Mitchell quote on fluctuating importance of deejays
      

1. 
   purpose of format: to win a desirable segment of radio audience
   
2. 
   demographics refer to audience traits (age, sex, income, etc.)
   
   1. 
      cells are particular areas of strength (such as females over age 30)
      
3. 
   PD must adjust programming to lifestyle activities of target audience
   
   1. 
      survey info & research data
      
      1. 
         psychographic research
         
   2. 
      develop a feel for day-to-day life in the area
      

1. 
   PD ultimately responsible for music aired, even if there is a music director
   
2. 
   stations seldom pay for music; get demos
   
3. 
   must pay annual licensing fees for privilege of airing recorded music
   
   1. 
      ASCAP (American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers)
      
   2. 
      BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.)
      
   3. 
      SESAC (Society of European Stage Authors and Composers)
      
4. 
   all music is screened
   
   1. 
      if appropriate, categorized & indexed in music library
      
   2. 
      at computerized stations, airplay frequency or rotation also entered
      

1. 
   FCC on-air rules govern program content & certain features
   
   1. 
      station ID once an hour with call letters, authorized broadcast location
      
   2. 
      off-color language, lyrics
      
   3. 
      political messages, editorials
      
   4. 
      contests, promotions
      
   5. 
      advertising accuracy
      
   6. 
      no false, misleading, deceptive statements
      
2. 
   PD concerns relative to government regulations
   
   1. 
      abide by license renewal programming promises
      
   2. 
      help maintain station’s Emergency Alert System (EAS)
      
   3. 
      instruct personnel in proper procedures for on-air phone conversations
      
   4. 
      check Station Log, program log, operator permit postings, sometimes Public File
      
   5. 
      adhere to equal employment opportunity & affirmative action rules
      

1. 
   job depends on satisfying audience, government, air staff, management
   
2. 
   Fatherly quote on GM-PD relationship problems
   

1. 
   selling commercials keeps radio stations on the air
   
2. 
   most radio outlets sold airtime by mid-1920s
   
3. 
   program sponsorships were most popular early form of advertising
   
4. 
   television replaced radio as top entertainment source – early 1950s
   
   1. 
      advertisers jumped to TV; radio sales down
      
   2. 
      radio revamped programming; more localized
      
5. 
   thousands of new radio outlets – 1950-1970
   
   1. 
      increased competition for advertisers
      
   2. 
      specialized programming attracted different advertisers
      
6. 
   today ad dollars spent on spots aired during specific dayparts & on stations that attract type of audience advertiser wants to reach
   

1. 
   radio auditory only; newspaper & magazine visual; TV audiovisual
   
2. 
   an effective radio commercial makes a strong & lasting impression on the mind of the listener
   
3. 
   Friedman quote on airtime as intangible
   
4. 
   results of a good radio advertising campaign offset intangibility
   

1. 
   must salesperson have an innate gift to sell?
   
2. 
   studies show 70-73% of salespeople hired leave business in 1-3 years
   
3. 
   majority of new account execs have college education
   
   1. 
      understanding of research methods, marketing, finance is important
      
   2. 
      Bremkamp quote on need for college training
      
4. 
   Turley quote on need to understand medium being sold
   
5. 
   Friedman quote on benefit of sales experience
   
6. 
   characteristics of successful salespeople
   
   1. 
      ambition, confidence, energy, determination, honesty, intelligence, good grooming
      
   2. 
      Etheridge quote on ambition as cornerstone of success
      
   3. 
      Friedman quote on people orientation
      
7. 
   today many on-air &programming people shift to sales as avenue to station management
   
   1. 
      advantage of programming people in sales: they have a practical under-standing of product being sold
      
   2. 
      sales background still most preferred
      
8. 
   salespeople can be among best-paid at station
   

1. 
   responsible for selling of spot & feature schedules to advertisers
   
2. 
   duties
   
   1. 
      direct account executives
      
   2. 
      establish sales dept. policies
      
   3. 
      develop sales plans & materials
      
   4. 
      conceive campaigns & promotions
      
   5. 
      set quotas
      
   6. 
      also may sell
      
3. 
   reports directly to general manager
   
4. 
   works closely with program director to develop salable features
   
5. 
   deals with rep company to secure national advertisers
   
6. 
   must keep abreast of local, national sales & marketing trends
   

1. 
   rate card (see samples in textbook)
   
   1. 
      lists fees for airtime
      
      1. 
         depend on size of station’s listenership (share of market)
         
      2. 
         unit cost affected by quantity of airtime purchased
         
      3. 
         rates affected by daypart purchased & by rotations
         
         1. 
            dayparts range from highest-costing AAA (typically 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. weekdays) to C (usually midnight to 6:00 a.m.)
            
         2. 
            fixed-position drivetime spots among most expensive
            
         3. 
            rotation means “orbiting” announcements within time periods to reach different listeners, a wider audience
            
   2. 
      typically also addresses other topics affecting a sale
      
      1. 
         terms of payment, commission
         
      2. 
         nature of copy, when due at station
         
      3. 
         frequency discounting
         
      4. 
         rate protection
         
      5. 
         feature & spot rates
         
   3. 
      many stations use grid structure allowing for rate flexibility
      
      1. 
         inventory-sensitive; station remains viable when business is slow
         
2. 
   spot schedule plans
   
   1. 
      run-of-station (ROS) or best-time-available (BTA)
      
      1. 
         mixed airtime, no guarantee as to when spots aired
         
      2. 
         lower rates
         
   2. 
      total audience plan (TAP)
      
      1. 
         distribute spots throughout day for maximum audience penetration
         
      2. 
         rate is average cost for time classifications used
         
   3. 
      time in flights is an on-and-off pattern of spot scheduling
      

1. 
   first call: to introduce station, determine advertiser’s needs
   
2. 
   follow-up calls: to offset reservations, improve proposal
   
   1. 
      perseverance is essential
      
3. 
   closing: to finalize the sale
   
4. 
   Do (suggestions conducive to positive sales experience)
   
   1. 
      Research advertiser. Be prepared. Have a relevant plan in mind.
      
   2. 
      Be enthusiastic. Think positive.
      
   3. 
      Display self-confidence. Believe in self & product.
      
   4. 
      Smile. Exude friendliness, warmth, sincerity.
      
   5. 
      Listen. Be polite, sympathetic, interested.
      
   6. 
      Tell of station’s successes. Provide testimonial material.
      
   7. 
      Think creatively.
      
   8. 
      Know your competition.
      
   9. 
      Maintain integrity, poise.
      
   10. 
       Look your best. Check your appearance.
       
   11. 
       Be objective, keep proper perspective.
       
   12. 
       Pitch the decision maker.
       
   13. 
       Ask for the order that will do the job.
       
   14. 
       Service account after the sale.
       
5. 
   Don’t (things that will have negative or counterproductive effect)
   
   1. 
      Pitch without a plan.
      
   2. 
      Criticize, demean client’s previous advertising efforts.
      
   3. 
      Argue with client. This just creates greater resistance.
      
   4. 
      Badmouth competition.
      
   5. 
      Talk too much.
      
   6. 
      Brag, be overly aggressive.
      
   7. 
      Lie, exaggerate, make unrealistic promises.
      
   8. 
      Smoke, chew gum in front of client.
      
   9. 
      Procrastinate, put things off.
      
   10. 
       Be intimidated, kept waiting an unreasonable amount of time.
       
   11. 
       Make presentation unless you have client’s undivided attention.
       
   12. 
       Lose your temper.
       
   13. 
       Ask for too little. Never undersell a client.
       
   14. 
       Fail to follow up.
       
   15. 
       Accept a “no” as final.
       

1. 
   retail
   
   1. 
      more than 70% of industry sales
      
   2. 
      direct contact with individual advertisers within signal area
      
2. 
   local
   
   1. 
      advertising agencies representing businesses in market area
      
   2. 
      top billers often get best agencies
      
   3. 
      lower commission percentage, but larger buys than retail
      
3. 
   national
   
   1. 
      station’s rep company
      
   2. 
      usually covered by general sales manager
      
   3. 
      buys from advertising agencies that handle national accounts
      

1. 
   fully produced hypothetical commercial used as a selling tool
   
   1. 
      break down client resistance on callbacks
      
   2. 
      reactivate interest of former clients
      
   3. 
      motivate clients to increase spot schedules
      
2. 
   should directly appeal to needs, perceptions of would-be advertiser
   

1. 
   frequency & consistency of spots determine results
   
2. 
   sufficient commercials, placed properly, so advertiser achieves objectives
   
3. 
   underselling as self-defeating as overselling
   
4. 
   Piro quote on getting the order that will do the job
   

1. 
   new salespeople often given inactive/dormant account list
   
2. 
   list building sources to prospect for new business
   
   1. 
      in-person calls, presentations
      
   2. 
      newspapers
      
   3. 
      Yellow Pages
      
   4. 
      television stations
      
   5. 
      competing radio outlets
      
   6. 
      Internet, e-mail
      
   7. 
      newly opened businesses
      
3. 
   “open” accounts (those not already “declared” by another rep at station) can be added to list with sales manager’s approval
   

1. 
   75 to 100 in-person calls per week
   
2. 
   daily call sheet must be carefully planned, organized
   
   1. 
      logically sequence, centralize businesses to be contacted
      
   2. 
      Gregory quote on sticking to itinerary
      
3. 
   Friedman quote on using telephone to avoid wasted time
   

1. 
   small market salespeople rely on station reputation, not ratings
   
2. 
   easy to sell top-rated station through numbers
   
3. 
   without ratings numbers, more personal appeal needed
   
   1. 
      “work the street” focusing on direct business
      
   2. 
      develop programming to attract targeted clients
      
   3. 
      Gregory quote on selling without numbers
      

1. 
   agencies annually account for hundreds of millions in radio ad dollars
   
2. 
   today nearly 2,000 agencies use radio advertising
   
3. 
   media buyers at national agencies deal with station & network reps rather than directly with stations
   
4. 
   basically 3 types of agencies
   
   1. 
      full-service agencies provide complete range of research, marketing, production services
      
   2. 
      modular agencies provide specific services
      
   3. 
      in-house agencies handle advertising needs for own business
      

1. 
   industry’s middlemen, extension of sales dept.
   
2. 
   convince national media buyers to advertise on stations they represent
   
3. 
   sales manager must keep rep informed about station & market
   
4. 
   approximately 100 reps handle more than 9,000 U.S. commercial stations
   
5. 
   reps have expanded into additional services such as programming & management consultancy
   

1. 
   more than $600 million in radio revenue from co-op advertising
   
2. 
   retailer & manufacturer share promotion expenses
   

1. 
   exchange of advertising airtime for a merchant’s goods or services
   
   1. 
      rather than pay for needed items
      
   2. 
      to obtain something of value for unsold airtime
      

1. 
   rebroadcast of Titanic’s distress message in 1912 made public aware of wireless telegraphy
   
2. 
   1920 broadcast of Harding-Cox election results was historical benchmark
   
3. 
   broadcast journalism evolved slowly in 1920s
   
4. 
   fearing competition, newspapers imposed a blackout on selling news to radio outlets in 1932; radio forced to provide its own news sources
   
5. 
   United Press (UP), International News Services (INS), Associated Press (AP) agreed to sell news to radio in late 1934, ending blackout
   
6. 
   after advent of TV, radio stations shifted to local news emphasis
   
   1. 
      less reliance on news networks
      
   2. 
      creation of station news dept.
      
7. 
   radio still first outlet for up-to-the-minute news
   

1. 
   although most listen primarily for music, many also rely on radio for news
   
2. 
   more than TV or newspapers, radio is first morning news source for 2/3 of working women & more than 50% of young adults
   

1. 
   size of news staff varies by station size & format
   
2. 
   “rip ‘n’ read” means relying on wire service for news copy, a common practice at small stations with no newspeople
   
3. 
   large news staffs may consist of newscasters, writers, street reporters, tech people, stringers, interns
   
4. 
   drivetimes primarily news blocks because audience at maximum
   

1. 
   All-News format arrived in mid-1960s
   
2. 
   primarily metro market endeavor because of high operating cost
   
3. 
   prevalent on AM
   

1. 
   newsroom computerization began in 1980
   
2. 
   links to wire & info services to access primary & background data
   
3. 
   newscasters read from video display terminals (VDTs)
   
4. 
   copy composed, stored on desktop computers
   

1. 
   duties
   
   1. 
      develop & implement news policies
      
   2. 
      supervise news staff
      
   3. 
      handle budget
      
   4. 
      get news out rapidly & accurately
      
   5. 
      gathering local news is most time-consuming task
      
   6. 
      often responsible for public affairs programming
      
2. 
   needs college education, several years’ experience
   
3. 
   works under program director
   

1. 
   broadcasting, journalism, or liberal arts degree a definite asset
   
2. 
   experience may be even more valuable than education
   
   1. 
      Jewett, Smith quotes
      
   2. 
      news experience more difficult to gain than deejay experience
      
   3. 
      work in news at high school, college station
      
   4. 
      intern at commercial station
      
3. 
   other assets
   
   1. 
      enthusiasm, aggressiveness, energy, inquisitiveness
      
   2. 
      typing, computer skills
      
   3. 
      firm command of English language, writing ability
      
   4. 
      knowledge of local area
      
   5. 
      good announcing abilities
      

1. 
   clean copy is imperative; news stories must be legible, intelligible, designed for effortless reading
   
2. 
   Do’s for copy preparation
   
   1. 
      Type neatly.
      
   2. 
      Use UPPERCASE throughout.
      
   3. 
      Double space between lines.
      
   4. 
      Use 1" margins.
      
   5. 
      Avoid abbreviations except for those meant to be read as such.
      
   6. 
      Write out numbers less than 10; use numerals for 10 to 999; spell out thousand, million, etc.
      
   7. 
      Use phonetic spelling for words that are difficult to pronounce, underline the stressed syllable.
      
   8. 
      Punctuate properly.
      
   9. 
      When in doubt, consult a style guide or newswriting handbook.
      
3. 
   radio writing more conversational, informal than when printed
   
   1. 
      immediately comprehensible
      
   2. 
      simple, direct, concise
      
   3. 
      well structured, organized
      
      1. 
         journalists’ 5 W’s – who, what, when, where, why
         
4. 
   proper attribution for quotes is essential
   

1. 
   news commonly presented in 5-minute blocks aired at top or bottom of hour
   
2. 
   stories arranged in order of importance, most significant first
   
3. 
   actualities (on-the-scene voicers) taped from news service feeds or recorded by station personnel at the scene
   
4. 
   newspeople should read copy before going on air
   

1. 
   radio stations rely on wire services for national, international news
   
2. 
   Associated Press (AP), United Press International (UPI) largest
   
   1. 
      today serve more than 7,500 broadcast outlets
      
   2. 
      around-the-clock coverage
      
   3. 
      more than 100,000 stringers furnish stories
      

1. 
   by mid-1960s, majority of stations used 1 of 4 major networks (ABC, MBS, NBC, CBS) for news programming
   
2. 
   ABC provides 4 distinct formats to match station programming
   
3. 
   MBS launched 2 minority news networks (Black & Spanish) in 1971
   
4. 
   MBS went off the air in 1999 due to financial difficulties
   
5. 
   ABC, NBC, CBS continue to dominate
   

1. 
   sports most commonly reported as element within newscast
   
2. 
   adult-oriented (especially MOR) stations offer more sports
   
3. 
   Colletto quote about good sportscaster as participant
   
4. 
   sports frequently delivered in casual, even opinionated manner
   
5. 
   stories often contain colorful colloquialisms, slang
   
6. 
   sportscasters are personalities
   

1. 
   greater government control of broadcast media than print
   
2. 
   FCC expects broadcasters to operate in the public interest, reporting news factually & in balanced, impartial manner
   
3. 
   although protected under First Amendment, broadcasters making reckless or false statements are subject to both civil libel suits & FCC charges
   

1. 
   dangers of trying to be first with the story at all costs
   
2. 
   accuracy is newsperson’s first criterion
   
3. 
   reporters must exercise discretion & sensitivity in newsroom, on the scene
   
4. 
   objectivity is the cornerstone of good reporting
   

1. 
   integral part of drivetime news programming at many metro radio stations
   
   1. 
      strengthen station’s community service image
      
   2. 
      generate substantial revenue
      

1. 
   FCC no longer requires all stations to broadcast news & public affairs
   
2. 
   industry expert quotes debating decline of news programming
   

 Mid-Semester Exam covers material in Chapters 1 through 5. 

1. 
   surveys conducted to determine most popular radio stations, programs with various audience groupings
   
2. 
   Cooperative Analysis of Broadcasting (CAB) conducted first audience survey by telephone – 1929
   
3. 
   C.E. Hooper, Inc. used “coincidental” telephone method to reach actual listeners – 1938
   
4. 
   The Pulse conducted face-to-face interviews
   
5. 
   Office of Radio Research (ORR) established – 1937
   
   1. 
      funded by Rockefeller Foundation
      
   2. 
      published reports on audience research findings & methodology, public attitude toward radio
      
6. 
   Arbitron Ratings began diary system to analyze listening habits – 1965
   
7. 
   Statistical Research, Inc. introduced Radio’s All Dimension Audience Research (RADAR) – 1968
   
   1. 
      gathered info for networks through telephone interviews to more than 6,000 households
      
8. 
   Birch/Scarborough debuted in late 1970s; went out of business in 1991
   
9. 
   Broadcast Rating Council established – 1963
   
   1. 
      to monitor, audit, accredit ratings companies
      
   2. 
      renamed Electronic Media Planning Council in 1982 to reflect involve-ment with cable TV ratings