1. Por FD, Dimentman C (2006) Mare Nostrum: Neogene and anthropic natural history of the Mediterranean basin, with emphasis on the Levant. Bulgaria: Pensof Publishers.
2. Spalding MD, Fox HE, Halpern BS, McManus MA, Molnar J, et al. (2007) Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. Bioscience 57: 573-583.
3. Voultsiadou E (2009) Reevaluating sponge diversity and distribution in the Mediterranean Sea. Hydrobiologia 628: 1-12.
Mediterranean species
|
WB
|
AD
|
IB
|
AS
|
LB
|
DZ
|
ZC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Stolonifera
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Cornulariidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cornularia cornucopiae (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Cervera atlantica (Johnson, 1861)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Clavulariidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Clavularia crassa (Milne Edwards, 1848)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
E
|
Clavularia marioni Koch, 1891
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Clavularia carpediem Weinberg, 1986
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Sarcodictyon catenatum Forbes, 1847
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Rolandia coralloides De Lacaze-Duthiers, 1900
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Scleranthelia rugosa (Pourtales, 1867)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AA
|
Scleranthelia microsclera Lopez-Gonzales, Ocana & Garcia-Gomez, 1995
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Telestula septentrionalis Madsen, 1944
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Alcyonacea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Alcyoniidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alcyonium palmatum Pallas, 1766
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Alcyonium acaule Marion, 1878
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Alcyonium coralloides (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Maasellidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maasella edwardsi (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1888)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
IC
|
E
|
Paralcyonium spinulosum (Delle Chiaje, 1822)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Gorgonacea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Coralliidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corallium rubrum (Linnaeus, 1758)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Family Melithaeidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acabaria erythraea (Ehrenberg,1834)
|
|
|
|
|
x
|
I
|
IP
|
Family Acanthogorgiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acanthogorgia hirsuta Gray, 1857
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Family Plexauridae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
C
|
E
|
Paramuricea macrospina (Koch, 1882)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
C
|
E
|
Bebryce mollis Philippi, 1842
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Spinimuricea atlantica (Johnson, 1862)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Spinimuricea klavereni Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
C
|
E
|
Muriceides lepida Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Placogorgia coronata Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Placogorgia massiliensis Carpine & Grasshoff, 1975
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
E
|
Swiftia pallida Madsen, 1970
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Villogorgia bebrycoides (Koch, 1887)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Family Gorgoniidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eunicella singularis (Esper, 1791)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
E
|
Eunicella cavolini (Koch, 1887)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
E
|
Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Eunicella filiformis Studer, 1901
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Eunicella gazella Studer, 1901
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Eunicella labiata Thomson, 1927
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Leptogorgia sarmentosa Esper, 1789
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Leptogorgia viminalis (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Leptogorgia guineensis Grasshoff, 1988
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Family Ellisellidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Ellisella paraplexauroides Stiasny, 1936
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Viminella flagellum (Johnson, 1863)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Family Primnoidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Callogorgia verticillata (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Family Isididae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Isidella elongata (Esper, 1788)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
B
|
AM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Pennatulacea
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Veretillidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Veretillum cynomorium (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Cavernularia pusilla (Philippi, 1835)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Family Kophobelemnidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Kophobelemnon stelliferum (O.F. Muller, 1776)
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Family Funiculinidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
CB
|
C
|
Family Penatulidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Virgularia mirabilis (Linnaeus, 1758)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Family Penatulidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pennatula aculeata Danielsen, 1860
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
B
|
Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Pennatula rubra Pallas, 1766
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Pteroeides griseum (Linnaeus, 1767)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Crassophyllum thessalonicae Vafidis & Koukouras, 1991
|
|
|
|
x
|
|
C
|
E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Antipatharia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Antipathidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Antipathes dichotoma Pallas, 1766
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Antipathes fragilis Gravier, 1918
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Parantipathes larix (Esper, 1790)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Family Myriopathidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Antipathella subpinnata (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Family Leiopathidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Leiopathes glaberrima (Esper, 1792)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
B
|
AA
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Ceriantharia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Cerianthidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cerianthus membranaceus (Spallanzani, 1784)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Cerianthus lloydii (Gosse, 1859)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
B
|
Pachycerianthus solitarius (Rapp, 1829)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Pachycerianthus dohrni (van Beneden, 1923)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
IC
|
E
|
Family Botrucnidiferiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cerianthula mediterranea van Beneden, 1897
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Arachnactidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Arachnactis albida Sarsi, 1846
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Arachnanthus oligopodus (Cerfontaine, 1891)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
E
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Actiniaria
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Gonactiniidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gonactinia prolifera (Sars, 1835)
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
AA
|
Protanthea simplex (Carlgren, 1891)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Family Edwardsiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Edwardsia claparedii (Panceri, 1869)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Scolanthus callimorphus (Gosse, 1853)
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Halcampoididae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Halcampoides purpurea (Studer, 1878)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
B
|
Family Haloclavidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Anemonactis mazeli (Jourdan,1880)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Mesacmaea mitchellii (Gosse, 1853)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Peachia cylindrica (Reid, 1848)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Andresiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Andresia partenopea (Andres, 1884)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Boloceroididae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bunodeopsis strumosa Andres, 1881
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
I
|
E
|
Family Aliciidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Alicia mirabilis Johnson, 1861
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
C
|
AM
|
Family Condylanthidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Segonzactis hartogi Vafidis & Chintiroglou, 2002
|
|
|
|
x
|
|
CB
|
E
|
Family Actiniidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Actinia cari Delle Chiaje, 1825
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
I
|
E
|
Actinia equina mediterranea Schmidt, 1971
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
C
|
Actinia striata (Rizzi, 1907)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Paranemonia vouliagmeniensis Doumenc, England & Chintiroglou, 1987
|
|
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
E
|
Anemonia melanaster (Verrill, 1901)
|
|
|
|
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Anemonia viridis (Forskal, 1775)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Anthopleura ballii (Cocks, 1850)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Anthopleura thallia (Gosse,1854)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Paranemonia cinerea (Contarini, 1844)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
E
|
Condylactis aurantiaca (Delle Chiaje, 1825)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
E
|
Cribrinopsis crassa (Andres,1884)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
C
|
E
|
Bunodactis rubripunctata (Grube, 1840)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Bunodactis verrucosa (Pennant, 1777)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Aurelianidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aureliana heterocera (Thompson, 1853)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Family Phymanthidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Phymanthus pulcher (Andres, 1883)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
E
|
Family Actinostolidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Paranthus rugosus (Andres,1881)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Family Isophellidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telmatactis cricoides (Duchassaing, 1850)
|
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Telmatactis forskalii (Ehrenberg, 1834)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Telmatactis solidago (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
|
|
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Hormathiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hormathia alba (Andres,1881)
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Hormathia coronata (Gosse, 1858)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Paractinia striata (Risso,1826)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Actinauge richardi (Marion, 1882)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Paracalliactis robusta Tur, 1991
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Calliactis parasitica (Couch, 1842)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Adamsia palliata (O.F. Muller, 1776)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Amphianthus dohrnii (Koch, 1878)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Family Sagartiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sagartia elegans (Dalyell, 1848)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Sagartia troglodytes (Price, 1847)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Cereus pedunculatus (Pennant, 1777)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Actinothoe sphyrodeta (Gosse, 1860)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Sagartiogeton entellae Schmidt, 1972
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
C
|
E
|
Sagartiogeton undatus (O.F. Muller, 1788)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Kadophellia bathyalis Tur, 1991
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
E
|
Family Aiptasiidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aiptasia diaphana (Rapp, 1829)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Aiptasia mutabilis (Gravenhorst, 1831)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Aiptasiogeton pellucidus (Hollard, 1848)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
I
|
AM
|
Family Diadumenidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Diadumene cincta Stephenson, 1925
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Diadumene luciae (Verrill, 1898)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
x
|
I
|
C
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Corralimorpharia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Diadumenidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Corynactis viridis Allman, 1846
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Corralimorphidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sideractis glacialisDanielssen, 1890
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Scleractinia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Pocilloporidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Madracis pharensis (Heller, 1868)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Faviidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cladocora caespitosa (Linnaeus, 1767)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Cladocora debilis Milne Edwards & Haime, 1849
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
C
|
AA
|
Family Oculinidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oculina patagonica De Angelis, 1908
|
x
|
|
|
|
x
|
I
|
AA
|
Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
B
|
C
|
Family Caryophylliidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Caryophyllia cyathus (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Caryophyllia smithii Stokes & Broderip, 1828
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Caryophyllia inornata (Duncan, 1878)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AA
|
Caryophyllia calveri Duncan, 1873
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
CB
|
AM
|
Ceratotrochus magnaghii Cecchini, 1914
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Coenocyathus cylindricus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Coenocyathus anthophyllites Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Paracyathus pulchellus (Philippi, 1842)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
CB
|
AA
|
Polycyathus muellerae (Abel, 1959)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Sphenotrochus andrewianus Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Desmophyllum cristagalli Milne Edwards & Haime, 1848
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
CB
|
C
|
Thalamophyllia gasti (Doderlein, 1913)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Hoplangia durotrix Gosse, 1860
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Lophelia pertusa (Linnaeus, 1758)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
B
|
C
|
Pourtalosmilia anthophyllites (Ellis & Solander, 1786)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
AM
|
Phyllangia mouchezii (Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Family Flabellidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monomyces pygmaea (Risso, 1826)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
IC
|
AM
|
Javania cailleti (Duchassaing & Michelotti, 1864)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
B
|
C
|
Family Guyniidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guynia annulata Duncan, 1872
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
CB
|
C
|
Stenocyathus vermiformis (Pourtales, 1868)
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
B
|
C
|
Family Dendrophylliidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Dendrophyllia ramea (Linnaeus, 1758)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Dendrophyllia cornigera (Lamarck, 1816)
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
CB
|
AM
|
Cladopsammia rolandi Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897
|
x
|
|
x
|
x
|
|
IC
|
E
|
Balanophyllia europaea (Risso, 1826)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Balanophyllia regia Gosse, 1860
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
I
|
AM
|
Balanophyllia cellulosa Duncan, 1873
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AM
|
Leptopsammia pruvoti Lacaze-Duthiers, 1897
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
IC
|
AM
|
Astroides calycularis (Pallas, 1766)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
C
|
AM
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Order Zoantharia
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family Parazoanthidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Parazoanthus axinellae (O. Schmidt, 1862)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Parazoanthus axinellae adriaticus Pax, 1937
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
ICB
|
E
|
Parazoanthus axinellae liguricus Pax, 1937
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
E
|
Parazoanthus axinellae muelleri Pax, 1957
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
IC
|
E
|
Parazoanthus axinellae brevitentacularis Abel, 1959
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Savalia savaglia (Bertoloni, 1819)
|
x
|
x
|
|
x
|
|
C
|
AM
|
Family Epizoanthidae
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Epizoanthus arenaceus (Delle Chiaje, 1823)
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
x
|
|
ICB
|
AM
|
Epizoanthus arenaceus ingeborgae Pax, 1952
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
ICB
|
E
|
Epizoanthus incrustatus (Duben & Koren, 1847)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
AA
|
Epizoanthus paguricola (Roule, 1900)
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
CB
|
E
|
Epizoanthus paxii Abel,1955
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
I
|
E
|
Epizoanthus mediterraneus Carlgren, 1935
|
x
|
x
|
|
|
|
CB
|
E
|
Epizoanthus vagus Herberts, 1972
|
x
|
|
|
|
|
C
|
E
|
Epizoanthus univitatus (Lorenz, 1860)
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
C
|
E
|
Epizoanthus vatovai Pax & Louchter, 1935
|
|
x
|
|
|
|
IC
|
E
|
