The Emerging Electrical Markets for Copper
Figure 41: Incremental Vehicle Market for Copper by Vehicle Type (kt Cu)
Download 10.26 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Figure 42: Incremental Vehicle Market for Copper by Component Group (kt Cu)
- Figure 43: Incremental Vehicle Market for Cu by Fabricated Product (kt of Cu)
Figure 41: Incremental Vehicle Market for Copper by Vehicle Type (kt Cu)
Figure 42: Incremental Vehicle Market for Copper by Component Group (kt Cu) 
Figure 43: Incremental Vehicle Market for Cu by Fabricated Product (kt of Cu) 
In comparison with road vehicles, which mainly use a very similar technology, the railway and mass transit sector is rich in alternative technologies. Diesel, “hybrid” (diesel electric) and fully electric systems are all well represented in this sector. Regenerative braking, comparatively new in the automotive sector, is already well established in the rail and mass transit system sector. There are commercial applications of entirely new technologies, such as the magnetic levitation (Maglev) mass transit systems. The Maglev system, in particular, however, is not proving to be a commercial proposition. What we are likely to see is a gradual shift towards cleaner and less power hungry technologies. Pure diesel trains are losing ground to electric or hybrid alternatives. Electric trains are the most expensive alternative, and appropriate to main lines, but the trolley wire or third rail pick up is not necessarily affordable throughout an entire rail network. Where this is absent, or the train goes beyond the electric infrastructure, then the diesel engine is needed. In the UK, a fleet of new diesel-powered “super express” trains, with a hybrid option, is being introduced to replace the existing 20 to 30-year-old Intercity 125s currently being used on Great Western and East Coast main lines. These will replace purely diesel trains, but may mean a delay to the introduction of purely electric trains. Current diesel electric trains are not all particularly efficient. In Japan, Japan Rail has introduced a few “E200” trains that combine a super-efficient diesel engine with an electric motor powered by a li-ion battery, recharged through regenerative braking. Hailed by some as the train of the future, at Yen 180 million the E200 is a very expensive alternative to conventional locomotive. In comparison with rail, there is relatively little development of any excitement in marine vessels. Most are powered by oil-based fuels, although there have been diesel electric vessels around for many years. There has been technology development in the area of pure electric drives, even powered by using superconductors. Such developments, however, are still at prototype stage, or the preserve of the military. Directory: wordpress -> wp-content -> uploads -> 2017 uploads -> Professor rona s beattie and dr david bamaung glasgow caledonian university email for corresponding author uploads -> Best Offensive Players: qb #19 keenan reynolds, N, ’16. Lg #57 E. K. Binns, N, ’16 uploads -> Smart Supervision Research Partner Orientation Course fy13 and fy14 Grantees September 29- october 1, 2015/San Antonio, tx uploads -> Autonomous Control for a Reliable Internet of Services (across) 2017 -> 6 Thai Market Analysis 2017 -> Birchwood intermediate school 2017 -> Operation corporate 2017 -> This document is written for the amateur radio operator that will be using the PiGate as an emergency communications device in a disaster situation Download 10.26 Mb. Share with your friends:
|