The [first/next] off-case position is the india da: First, us-india relations are high and driven by mutual distrust towards China
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Warming ImpactsWarming — 1NCUS-India relations key to climate changeAyres 6/9 — Alyssa Ayres, senior fellow and expert of India, Pakistan, and South Asia at the Council on Foreign Relations, former US deputy assistant secretary of state for South Asia, 2016 (“This Will Be Obama’s Legacy to U.S.-India Relations,” Fortune, June 9, Available Online at http://fortune.com/2016/06/09/narendra-modi-visit-to-us/, Accessed 07/21/16, JZ) Nonetheless, both countries agreed to make climate and clean energy cooperation a priority and outlined steps to advance these causes in a joint statement following the summit. These measures will have a global impact, given India’s 1.3 billion people, its rapidly-industrializing $2.3 trillion economy, and its hundreds of millions of poor citizens who will use more energy as their incomes and standard of living rise. On a per capita basis, India’s carbon emissions are just one-ninth those of the United States, and India remains a much smaller emitter of emissions, in absolute terms, relative to China and the United States. But due to its size, India nonetheless is the third-largest source of carbon emissions. India therefore seeks low-carbon growth to power its economy without poisoning its atmosphere, while the U.S. sees the same goal as a vital global good. Warming — LinksWithout US Leadership, India can’t develop Green TechSibal 16 — Dr. Kanwal Sibal joined the Indian Foreign Service in July 1966, eventually serving as the Foreign Secretary of India from July 2002 to November 2003. Dr. Sibal served as Ambassador of India to Egypt, France, and Turkey. He was a member of India’s National Security Advisory Board from November 2008 to November 2010. 2/9/16, What to Expect from US-India Relations in 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/02/what-to-expect-from-us-india-relations-in-2016/ @yangtri 7/21/16 U.S. President Barack Obama’s affirmation in 2010 that “the United States looks forward to a reformed UN Security Council that includes India as a permanent member” was viewed as a major evolution in the U.S. position. Yet up to now, the United States has not clearly defined its position on the expansion of the United Nations Security Council, due to the fact that U.S. openness to India’s hope for permanent membership on the council remains at a declaratory stage. Similarly, while past joint U.S.-India statements have repeatedly spoken about India’s membership in the four export control regimes, and, India has been declared ready for Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) as well as Nuclear Supplier Group (NSG) membership, so far no tangible progress has occurred. Breakthrough understandings at the governmental level on national tracking and liability issues have removed political roadblocks in the way of civilian nuclear cooperation. However it is now time for U.S. companies to take the call, as the larger question of the commercial viability of U.S. supplied nuclear reactors remains. With India ratifying the Convention on Supplementary Compensation, an international nuclear liability regime governed by the International Atomic Energy Agency, it appears that the decks have been cleared for progress within a year on the project to supply six Westinghouse nuclear reactors to India. Nevertheless General Electric, another supplier, continues to hold out. Without a strong U.S. leadership role, progress is unlikely to come soon. US-India cooperation key to warmingAtkin 15 — Emily Atkin, Emily Atkin is a political reporter for ThinkProgress. Previously, she was a deputy editor for Climate Progress, and a reporter for the legal newswire Law360. Her work has appeared in The New Republic, The Daily Beast, The New York Observer, and on WAMC Northeast Public Radio. 2015, “U.S. And India Announce ‘Cooperation’ On Climate Change,” Climate Progress, January 25, http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/01/25/3615232/us-india-climate-agreement/, Accessed 07-15-2016, AB) President Obama and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced on Sunday that the two countries will work together to fight global climate change, laying out a set of goals that the two countries hope “will expand policy dialogues and technical work on clean energy and low greenhouse gas emissions technologies.” While not a concrete emissions reductions agreement like the one Obama reached with China this past November, the deal includes efforts to cooperate on reducing emissions of fluorinated gases, invigorate India’s promotion of clean energy investment, and partner to reduce the debilitating air pollution that has plagued many of India’s cities. The agreement also emphasized that the countries would “cooperate closely” for a “successful and ambitious” agreement at the Paris climate talks at the end of the year. During that conference, 196 nations are expected to meet and tentatively agree a course of action to respond to climate change. It is widely considered the last chance for a global agreement that could feasibly keep the rise in global average temperatures under 2°C. “India’s voice is very important on this issue,” Obama said at a press meeting on Sunday, the Times of India reported. “Perhaps no country could potentially be more affected by the impacts of climate change and no country is going to be more important in moving forward a strong agreement than India.” As ThinkProgress reported last week, there was very little expectation among analysts that the U.S. would achieve a deal like the one it achieved in China, wherein the country would actually pledge to reduce its overall carbon emissions. In the China deal, the U.S. committed to cut its emissions 26 to 28 percent below their 2005 levels by 2025 and China agreed to get 20 percent of its energy from non-fossil-fuel sources by 2030 and to peak greenhouse gas emissions that same year. Many said that it would be unfair to expect India — the world’s third largest carbon emitter behind the U.S. and China — to announce a similar target, considering the hundreds of millions of rural poor. Still a developing country, climate change stands to impact India more severely than other parts of the world, according to the U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. India also has a particularly bad air pollution problem — a recent World Health Organization report found that India has 13 of the 20 most polluted cities in the world with the capital, Delhi, being the most polluted of all. The report also found that Delhi had six times the level of airborne particulate matter considered safe. Another investigation found that the levels could be up to eight times higher in heavily trafficked corridors. US-Indo Relations Key to Green Tech and Warming MitigationBiswal 16 — Nisha Desai Biswal is an Indian-American who is Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs in the United States Department of State. She was previously Assistant Administrator for Asia at the US Agency for International Development (USAID). She was nominated for the post of Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asia by US President Barack Obama on 19 July 2013. Biswal immigrated to the U.S. from India with her parents. May 24, 2016, U.S.-India Relations: Balancing Progress and Managing Expectations, http://www.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rmks/2016/257665.htm, @yangtri 7/19/16 Energy and Environment In addition to our security partnership, the size, scope, and nature of India’s energy market will have a profound impact beyond its borders. With over 400 million people without reliable access to electricity, and the needs of a growing economy increasing by the day, the stakes for India’s widespread adoption of clean energy technology have never been greater. What some people may not realize is that how India chooses to fuel its growth will have enormous, transformational effects on the health, well-being, and sustainable growth of the country, of the Indo-Pacific, and the entire globe. India does not have to choose between growth and sustainability – Secretary Kerry often says that the development, scaling, and adoption of clean energy technology represents a “multi-trillion dollar” business opportunity. This is why many leaders in both our countries have posited that our cooperation on energy and environment can have dramatic consequences for how global growth is supported in the coming decades. And our energy ties are reflecting this. For instance, this year saw the first shipment to India of U.S. liquefied natural gas (LNG), providing more of a low-carbon alternative to oil and coal for powering India’s economic rise. India is also looking to increase its civilian nuclear power capacity, and we are confident that U.S.-built nuclear reactors will contribute to that effort. We are very encouraged by the progress made over the last year. In particular, India ratified the Convention on Supplementary Compensation for Nuclear Damage (CSC), which was an important step toward creating a global nuclear liability regime. Now it is up to individual companies – and our leading U.S. firms can count on our support – to help ink contractual agreements that will bring civil-nuclear power to India. As President Obama has stated, we are hopeful that this year will see deals for U.S. companies to build new reactors, providing clean, reliable energy that can support the needs of megacities on the scale of Mumbai or Delhi, even on the hottest day. I am confident we will see progress on this critical part of our partnership soon. Clean and renewable energy is where our cooperation can have the greatest effect, and where many of our efforts are focused, including joint research and development, supporting early stage innovative technologies, and exploring new approaches to clean energy financing and mobilizing private sector funding. Our Partnership to Advance Clean Energy (PACE), which was launched in 2009 and expanded in 2015, now includes cooperation on smart grids and energy storage in addition to solar, biofuels, and building efficiency. Super-efficient air conditioners alone have the potential to offset the need for over 100 power plants by the year 2030. We are also working together through the Clean Energy Ministerial and Mission Innovation – a global clean energy R&D initiative – to accelerate the research, development, and adoption of clean energy technologies. Since 2009, we’ve helped mobilize more than $2.5 billion to develop clean energy solutions in India. These investments have demonstrated the promise and potential of renewable energy in the country, and it now has some of the most ambitious renewable energy goals in the world – 175 gigawatts of capacity by 2022, including 100 gigawatts of solar. India is also playing a more prominent role in combatting global climate change. India’s leadership was essential to the successful conclusion of the COP21 negotiations in Paris. Through the U.S.-India Climate Change Working Group, initiated in 2014, we’re expanding cooperation on issues like adaptation, forestry, and air quality. Our joint U.S.-India space collaboration includes a bilateral expansion of cooperative satellite-based Earth observation efforts to support regional and global goals. This space cooperation between the U.S. civil space agencies: the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Indian Space Research Organization includes joint work on satellite missions that will help the international community better understand the connections between climate change and natural disasters as well as provide weather observations in near real-time to the global forecasting community. In addition, since 2008, NOAA and India's Ministry of Earth Science have collaborated on research projects to monitor climate patterns in the Indian Ocean and better forecast tropical cyclones and monsoons. And at the sub-national level, some Indian states have opened lines of communication with California on reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality, and we are working to increase engagement between other states and cities in the U.S. and India. US-Indo coop key to stable civil nuclear use and green techPanda 16 — Ankit Panda is a foreign affairs analyst, writer, and editor with expertise in international relations, international security, and geopolitics. He is currently an editor at the Council on Foreign Relations, an editor at The Diplomat Magazine, and a political risk consultant. At The Diplomat, Panda authors daily analysis and commentaries on international politics, security, economics, and culture, focusing on the broader Asia-Pacific region. He is a Carnegie New Leader at the Carnegie Council on Ethics in International Affairs. 6/8/16 5 Takeaways on US-India Relations After Modi's Meeting With Obama, http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/5-takeaways-on-us-india-relations-after-modis-meeting-with-obama/ @yangtri 7/20/16 Nuclear dividends, paying out more than a decade later. In 2005, India and the United States signed a watershed agreement on civil nuclear cooperation. That agreement was ratified in the United States in 2008, but had yet to yield any serious dividends amid U.S. concerns about harsh Indian liability laws for nuclear suppliers. Last year, when Obama visited India in January, both countries reached an understanding on the liability impasse. This year, nearly 11 years after the original signing of the civil nuclear agreement, Obama and Modi outlined in their joint statement the first major U.S. nuclear project in India: Culminating a decade of partnership on civil nuclear issues, the leaders welcomed the start of preparatory work on site in India for six AP 1000 reactors to be built by Westinghouse and noted the intention of India and the U.S. Export-Import Bank to work together toward a competitive financing package for the project. Once completed, the project would be among the largest of its kind, fulfilling the promise of the U.S.-India civil nuclear agreement and demonstrating a shared commitment to meet India’s growing energy needs while reducing reliance on fossil fuels. It may have taken more than a decade to get here, but the civil nuclear agreement is set to begin paying dividends for U.S. nuclear suppliers. For India, the benefits have been long known: the agreement cleared a path for India’s effective normalization as a nuclear weapons state outside the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, with Washington’s backing. Directory: file -> view view -> Western Europe after wwii view -> Author study: paul fleischman view -> Qpa1 7ela study Guide view -> Arctic Oil/Gas Neg view -> November 1970 Approximately 150,000-500,000 deaths Bhola Cyclone Bangladesh view -> Grade Level: 6 Unit of Study: Caribbean glce view -> Citation: Duffield, Katy view -> Table of Contents Lesson # view -> Chinese Wind Energy Disad Download 0.85 Mb. Share with your friends:
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