The Global 200 : a representation Approach to Conserving the Earth’s Distinctive Ecoregions

global rarity of MHT
Global Rarity 100

Regional Rarity 5

Not Rare at Global Scale 0
Major habitat types or secondary major habitat types that were considered globally rare include Mediterranean-climate forests, woodlands, and scrub as well as temperate rainforests.
High Beta-Diversity
0 or 5
This criterion was intended to reflect the relative complexity of spatial patterns of biodiversity within ecoregions. Narrowly defined, beta-diversity refers to the rate of turnover in species along environmental gradients. We broaden the definition to include change over distance (at very large distances the rate of change is related more to gamma diversity).
TOTAL SCORES FOR DETERMINING BIOLOGICAL DISTINCTIVENESS INDEX
The points from each criterion were summed to arrive at a final score. This score was then translated into a biological distinctiveness category as follows:
Globally Outstanding 45, 50, or 55+ points

Regionally Outstanding 30, 35, 40

Bioregionally Outstanding 20, 25

Locally Important 10, 15

Ecoregions identified as globally outstanding were subsequently compared with similar ecoregions around the world to validate their relative status.

Appendix 2: Assessing Conservation Status of Ecoregions

Conservation status measures landscape and ecosystem-level features and relates these to the ecological integrity of ecoregions, namely, how with increasing habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, ecological processes cease to function naturally, or at all, resiliency to disturbance declines, and major components of biodiversity are steadily eroded. We assess the conservation status of ecoregions in the tradition of IUCN Red Data Book categories for threatened and endangered species: critical, endangered; and vulnerable. For ecoregions we used the following conservation status categories: critical, endangered, vulnerable, relatively stable, and relatively intact. Throughout all of the regional analyses, the specific parameters and thresholds used for assessing conservation status were tailored to the characteristic patterns of biodiversity, ecological dynamics, and responses to disturbance of different major habitat types.
Terrestrial Ecoregions
We present the method used to assess conservation status for the terrestrial ecoregions of North America to illustrate the approach (Ricketts et al. 1999). The relative contributions of different parameters were as follows: 40% - habitat loss, 25% - number and size of remaining blocks of intact habitat, 20% - degree of habitat fragmentation, and 15% - degree of protection. A snapshot conservation status was estimated using current landscape and ecosystem-level parameters, using a point range of 0 to 100, with higher values denoting a higher level of endangerment. The point thresholds for different categories of conservation status were as follows: critical 89-100 points, endangered 65-88, vulnerable 37-64, relatively stable 7-37, and relatively intact 0-6. Total point values were determined by summing points assigned for each parameter. Individual parameter point values were associated with different landscape scenarios. For example, total habitat loss scenarios were related to points as follows:

% Original Heavily Altered

Habitat Altered
90-100% 40 20

75-89% 30 15

50-74% 20 10

10-49% 10 5

0-9% 0 0
An ecoregion receives both a heavily altered score and an altered habitat score, which represents the amount of habitat in each category. For example, consider an ecoregion with 35% heavily altered habitat (10 points), 55% altered habitat (10 points), and therefore 10% intact habitat. By combining the two scores, the ecoregion would receive a total score of 20 points. Different quantitative and qualitative biodiversity and landscape ecology characteristics are used to define intact, altered, and heavily altered states tailored to the specific patterns and dynamics of different major habitat types. Total scores for each of the parameters are summed to give a total conservation status index score.
Snapshot scores were subsequently modified by a 20 year projected threat analysis to arrive at a final conservation status assessment. Ecoregions that were assessed as facing high threat were elevated to a more serious conservation status. The threat analysis estimated the cumulative impacts of all current and projected threats on habitat conversion, habitat degradation, and wildlife exploitation using a point system associated with different qualitative and quantitative impacts. Using an index of 0-100 points, pending threats within an ecoregion were assessed and point totals assigned for each of the above categories. Conversion threats were

considered to be the most serious, and thus habitat loss comprised half (50) of all possible points in the weighting of threats. For example, 50 points were assigned to conversion threats if 25 or more of remaining habitat would be categorized as heavily altered within 20 years. For conversion of between 10% and 24% of remaining habitat, a score of 20 points was assigned. The remaining two threats, habitat degradation and wildlife exploitation, were assessed using maximum point totals of 30 and 20 respectively using a scale based on high, medium, or no threat.

Appendix 3: Priority-Setting Discriminators Not Used

Several discriminators sometimes used in conservation priority-setting were not employed in the Global 200 analysis. Ecological function has been effectively applied as a priority-setting discriminator at local or subregional scales through identification of habitat types or blocks of habitat that are important for driving or maintaining ecological processes (e.g., Barbier 1994, Davies & Giesen 1994). Although future studies may develop tractable methods for assessing an ecoregion’s functional importance at regional or global scales, it is not robust to employ a function discriminator at global scales because of the difficulties of identifying standardized criteria within a meaningful range of spatial and temporal scales. Moreover, biodiversity is functionally important at local scales wherever it occurs. However, some weight was given to certain habitat types that are recognized as keystone habitats from a functional perspective, that is they have an inordinate influence in maintaining important ecological processes that sustain the biodiversity of surrounding ecosystems. Mangroves, coral reefs, gallery forests, and cloud forests are examples.
Human utility is often used as a discriminator for projects that emphasize improving the human condition. Human utility is often used to engender support or add justification for biodiversity conservation efforts, but utility criteria should not be applied in any strict biodiversity priority-setting analysis because of their potential lack of correlation with important biodiversity parameters (e.g., distinctiveness), the fluidity of human utility over time and at different spatial scales, and the risk of modifying priority-setting results away from critical biodiversity conservation units. It is also extremely difficult to identify a standard measure of benefit for comparative purposes, both in terms of the kind of benefits, the scale of benefits, and who benefits. As for ecological function, this is a prohibitive problem at global scales.
Similar concerns can be made for employing conservation feasibility (i.e., social, economic, cultural, or political factors) at this stage in the priority-setting process. Conservation feasibility criteria are important in determining the timing, location, and sequence of conservation investments at both regional and local scales. For these reasons, neither conservation feasibility nor human utility should be used as discriminators for global analyses of biodiversity conservation priorities. Again, both ecological function and conservation feasibility filters can be effectively employed to identify the location, timing, and sequence of specific conservation investments within ecoregions (e.g., Bedward et al. 1992, Belbin 1995).

Appendix 4: Aggregating Ecoregions into Ecoregion Complexes

The purpose of this section is to clarify the relationship between the Global 200 and WWF’s Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World map (hereafter referred to as TEOW). TEOW is the compilation of all ecoregion maps from the numerous regional analyses. Thus, just as the regional analyses serves as the base for determining priority ecoregions, TEOW serves as the underlying base map for Global 200 ecoregion boundaries. The Global 200 includes 142 terrestrial ecoregions and ecoregion complexses. Ecoregion complexes are aggregations of two or more ecoregions from TEOW. These complexes encompass important areas that, at a global scale, share great affinity with one another. However, at a regional scale their biotas, and consequently their boundaries, warrant finer delineation.
46 of the 142 terrestrial Global 200 ecoregions appear as a single ecoregion on the TEOW. Another 36 are agglomerations of two TOW ecoregions into a single Global 200 ecoregion. 34 of the remaining terrestrial Global 200 ecoregions are aggregates of 3-5 regional scale ecoregions. There are two Global 200 ecoregions where we chose to aggregate a large number of regional scale ecoregions: Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub (27 ecoregions), and Atlantic Forests (14 regional scale ecoregions).
Global 200 ecoregion complexes (and associated map number) are listed below in numerical order, together with their constiutuent TEOW ecoregions (bullets).

Guinean Moist Forests [1]

• 
  Guinean montane forests
  

• 
  Eastern Guinean forests
  

• 
  Western Guinean lowland forests
  

Congolian Coastal Forests [2]

• 
  Cross-Sanaga-Bioko coastal forests
  
• 
  Sao Tome and Principe moist lowland forests
  
• 
  Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests
  

Cameroon Highlands Forests [3]

• 
  Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests
  
• 
  Cameroon Highlands forests
  

Northeastern Congo Basin Moist Forests [4]

• 
  Northeastern Congolian lowland forests
  

Central Congo Basin Moist Forests [5]

• 
  Eastern Congolian swamp forests
  
• 
  Central Congolian lowland forests
  

Western Congo Basin Moist Forests [6]

• 
  Northwestern Congolian lowland forests
  
• 
  Western Congolian swamp forests
  

Albertine Rift Montane Forests [7]

• 
  Albertine Rift montane forests
  

East African Coastal Forests [8]

• 
  Northern Zanzibar-Inhambane coastal forest mosaic
  

Eastern Arc Montane Forests [9]

• 
  Eastern Arc forests
  

Madagascar Forests and Shrublands [10]

• 
  Madagascar subhumid forests
  
• 
  Madagascar ericoid thickets
  
• 
  Madagascar lowland forests
  

Seychelles and Mascarenes Moist Forests [11]

• 
  Granitic Seychelles forests
  
• 
  Mascarene forests
  
• 
  Aldabra Island xeric scrub
  

Sulawesi Moist Forests [12]

• 
  Sulawesi lowland rain forests
  
• 
  Sulawesi montane rain forests
  

Moluccas Moist Forests [13]

• 
  Seram rain forests
  
• 
  Halmahera rain forests
  

Southern New Guinea Lowland Forests [14]

• 
  Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
  
• 
  Vogelkop-Aru lowland rain forests
  

New Guinea Montane Forests [15]

• 
  Vogelkop montane rain forests
  
• 
  Central Range montane rain forests
  
• 
  Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
  
• 
  Southeastern Papuan rain forests
  

Solomons-Vanuatu-Bismarck Moist Forests [16]

• 
  New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
  
• 
  Vanuatu rain forests
  
• 
  Solomon Islands rain forests
  
• 
  New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
  

Queensland Tropical Forests [17]

• 
  Queensland tropical rain forests
  

New Caledonia Moist Forests [18]

• 
  New Caledonia rain forests
  

Lord Howe-Norfolk Islands Forests [19]

• 
  Lord Howe Island subtropical forests
  
• 
  Norfolk Island subtropical forests
  

Southwestern Ghats Moist Forests [20]

• 
  South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests
  
• 
  South Western Ghats montane rain forests
  

Sri Lankan Moist Forests [21]

• 
  Sri Lanka montane rain forests
  
• 
  Sri Lanka lowland rain forests
  

Northern Indochina Subtropical Moist Forests [22]

• 
  Northern Indochina subtropical forests
  
• 
  Yunnan Plateau subtropical evergreen forests
  

Southeast China-Hainan Moist Forests [23]

• 
  Jian Nan subtropical evergreen forests
  
• 
  South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests
  
• 
  Hainan Island monsoon rain forests
  

Taiwan Montane Forests [24]

• 
  Taiwan subtropical evergreen forests
  
• 
  South Taiwan monsoon rain forests
  

Annamite Range Moist Forests [25]

• 
  Southern Annamites montane rain forests
  
• 
  Northern Annamites rain forests
  

Sumatran Islands Lowland and Montane Forests [26]

• 
  Sumatran tropical pine forests
  
• 
  Sumatran lowland rain forests
  
• 
  Sumatran montane rain forests
  

Philippines Moist Forests [27]

• 
  Mindoro rain forests
  
• 
  Mindanao-Eastern Visayas rain forests
  
• 
  Mindanao montane rain forests
  
• 
  Luzon rain forests
  
• 
  Greater Negros-Panay rain forests
  
• 
  Luzon tropical pine forests
  
• 
  Luzon montane rain forests
  

Palawan Moist Forests [28]

• 
  Palawan rain forests
  

Kayah-Karen/Tenasserim Moist Forests [29]

• 
  Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests
  
• 
  Kayah-Karen montane rain forests
  

Peninsular Malaysian Lowland and Montane Forests [30]

• 
  Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests
  
• 
  Peninsular Malaysian rain forests
  

Borneo Lowland and Montane Forests [31]

• 
  Borneo lowland rain forests
  
• 
  Borneo montane rain forests
  

Nansei Shoto Archipelago Forests [32]

• 
  Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests
  

Eastern Deccan Plateau Moist Forests [33]

• 
  Eastern highlands moist deciduous forests
  

Naga-Manupuri-Chin Hills Moist Forests [34]

• 
  Northern Triangle subtropical forests
  
• 
  Mizoram-Manipur-Kachin rain forests
  
• 
  Chin Hills-Arakan Yoma montane forests
  
• 
  Meghalaya subtropical forests
  
• 
  Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests
  

Cardamom Mountains Moist Forests [35]

• 
  Cardamom Mountains rain forests
  

Western Java Montane Forests [36]

• 
  Western Java montane rain forests
  

Greater Antillean Moist Forests [37]

• 
  Puerto Rican moist forests
  
• 
  Hispaniolan moist forests
  
• 
  Jamaican moist forests
  
• 
  Cuban moist forests
  

Talamancan-Isthmian Pacific Forests [38]

• 
  Talamancan montane forests
  

Chocó-Darién Moist Forests [39]

• 
  Chocó-Darién moist forests
  
• 
  Eastern Panamanian montane forests
  
• 
  Magdalena-Urabá moist forests
  

• 
  Western Ecuador moist forests
  

Northern Andean Montane Forests [40]

• 
  Magdalena Valley montane forests
  
• 
  Venezuelan Andes montane forests
  
• 
  Northwestern Andean montane forests
  
• 
  Cauca Valley montane forests
  
• 
  Cordillera Oriental montane forests
  
• 
  Santa Marta montane forests
  
• 
  Eastern Cordillera real montane forests
  

Coastal Venezuela Montane Forests [41]

• 
  Cordillera La Costa montane forests
  

Guianan Moist Forests [42]

• 
  Guianan moist forests
  
• 
  Orinoco Delta swamp forests
  
• 
  Paramaribo swamp forests
  

Napo Moist Forests [43]

• 
  Ucayali moist forests
  
• 
  Napo moist forests
  

Rio Negro-Juruá Moist Forests [44]

• 
  Caqueta moist forests
  
• 
  Negro-Branco moist forests
  
• 
  Solimoes-Japurá moist forest
  
• 
  Japurá-Solimoes-Negro moist forests
  

Guayanan Highlands Moist Forests [45]

• 
  Guayanan Highlands moist forests
  
• 
  Tepuis
  

Central Andean Yungas [46]

• 
  Peruvian Yungas
  
• 
  Bolivian Yungas
  
• 
  Southern Andean Yungas
  

Southwestern Amazonian Moist Forests [47]

• 
  Juruá-Purus moist forests
  
• 
  Southwest Amazon moist forests
  
• 
  Purus-Madeira moist forests
  
• 
  Madeira-Tapajós moist forests
  

Atlantic Forests [48]

• 
  Ilha Grande mangroves
  
• 
  Rio Sao Francisco mangroves
  
• 
  Araucaria moist forests
  
• 
  Rio Piranhas mangroves
  
• 
  Bahia mangroves
  
• 
  Pernambuco coastal forests
  
• 
  Bahia coastal forests
  
• 
  Bahia interior forests
  
• 
  Caatinga Enclaves moist forests
  
• 
  Paraña-Paraiba interior forests
  
• 
  Pernambuco interior forests
  
• 
  Campos Rupestres montane savanna
  
• 
  Serra do Mar coastal forests
  
• 
  Atlantic Coast restingas
  

South Pacific Islands Forests [49]

• 
  Cook Islands tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Fiji tropical dry forests
  
• 
  Fiji tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Tuamotu tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Tongan tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Society Islands tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Samoan tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Marquesas tropical moist forests
  
• 
  Tubuai tropical moist forests
  

Hawaii Moist Forests [50]

• 
  Hawaii tropical moist forests
  

Madagascar Dry Forests [51]

• 
  Madagascar dry deciduous forests
  

Nusa Tenggara Dry Forests [52]

• 
  Lesser Sundas deciduous forests
  
• 
  Timor and Wetar deciduous forests
  

New Caledonia Dry Forests [53]

• 
  New Caledonia dry forests
  

Indochina Dry Forests [54]

• 
  Southeastern Indochina dry evergreen forests
  
• 
  Central Indochina dry forests
  

Chhota-Nagpur Dry Forests [55]

• 
  Chhota-Nagpur dry deciduous forests
  

Mexican Dry Forests [56]

• 
  Jalisco dry forests
  
• 
  Balsas dry forests
  
• 
  Bajío dry forests
  
• 
  Chiapas Depression dry forests
  
• 
  Sonoran-Sinaloan transition subtropical dry forest
  
• 
  Southern Pacific dry forests
  
• 
  Sinaloan dry forests
  
• 
  Sierra de la Laguna dry forests
  

Tumbesian-Andean Valleys Dry Forests [57]

• 
  Tumbes-Piura dry forests
  
• 
  Ecuadorian dry forests
  
• 
  Patia Valley dry forests
  
• 
  Magdalena Valley dry forests
  
• 
  Cauca Valley dry forests
  
• 
  Marañón dry forests
  

Chiquitano Dry Forests [58]

• 
  Chiquitano dry forests
  

Atlantic Dry Forests [59]

• 
  Atlantic dry forests
  

Hawaii Dry Forests [60]

• 
  Hawaii tropical low shrublands
  
• 
  Hawaii tropical dry forests
  
• 
  Hawaii tropical high shrublands
  

Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental Pine-Oak Forests [61]

• 
  Sierra Madre Occidental pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Sierra de la Laguna pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Sierra Madre Oriental pine-oak forests
  

Greater Antillean Pine Forests [62]

• 
  Hispaniolan pine forests
  
• 
  Cuban pine forests
  

Mesoamerican Pine-Oak Forests [63]

• 
  Chimalapas montane forests
  
• 
  Central American pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Sierra Madre del Sur pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Sierra Madre de Oaxaca pine-oak forests
  
• 
  Central American montane forests
  

Eastern Australia Temperate Forests [64]

• 
  Southeast Australia temperate forests
  
• 
  Eastern Australian temperate forests
  
• 
  Tasmanian temperate forests
  
• 
  Australian Alps montane grasslands
  

Tasmanian Temperate Rain Forests [65]

• 
  Tasmanian Central Highland forests
  
• 
  Tasmanian temperate rain forests
  

New Zealand Temperate Forests [66]

• 
  Richmond temperate forests
  
• 
  Nelson Coast temperate forests
  
• 
  Westland temperate forests
  
• 
  Southland temperate forests
  
• 
  Northland temperate forests
  
• 
  Fiordland temperate forests
  
• 
  Northland temperate kauri forests
  

Eastern Himalayan Broadleaf and Conifer Forests [67]

• 
  Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
  
• 
  Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests
  
• 
  Northern Triangle temperate forests
  
• 
  Northeastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
  

Western Himalayan Temperate Forests [68]

• 
  Western Himalayan broadleaf forests
  
• 
  Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests
  

Appalachian and Mixed Mesophytic Forests [69]

• 
  Appalachian/Blue Ridge forests
  
• 
  Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
  

Southwest China Temperate Forests [70]

• 
  Qin Ling Mountains deciduous forests
  
• 
  Daba Mountains evergreen forests
  
• 
  Sichuan Basin evergreen broadleaf forests
  

Russian Far East Temperate Forests [71]

• 
  Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests
  
• 
  South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests
  

Pacific Temperate Rain Forests [72]

• 
  Northern California coastal forests
  
• 
  Central Pacific coastal forests
  
• 
  Northern Pacific coastal forests
  
• 
  Queen Charlotte Islands
  
• 
  British Columbia mainland coastal forests
  

Klamath-Siskiyou Coniferous Forests [73]

• 
  Klamath-Siskiyou forests
  

Sierra Nevada Coniferous Forests [74]

• 
  Sierra Nevada forests
  

Southeastern Coniferous and Broadleaf Forests [75]

• 
  Southeastern mixed forests
  
• 
  Southeastern conifer forests
  

Valdivian Temperate Rain Forests / Juan Fernández Islands [76]

• 
  Juan Fernandez Islands temperate forests
  
• 
  Valdivian temperate forests
  

European-Mediterranean Montane Mixed Forests [77]

• 
  Appenine deciduous montane forests
  
• 
  Carpathian montane conifer forests
  
• 
  Crimean Submediterranean forest complex
  
• 
  Dinaric Mountains mixed forests
  
• 
  Rodope montane mixed forests
  
• 
  Mediterranean conifer and mixed forests
  
• 
  Pyrenees conifer and mixed forests
  
• 
  Alps conifer and mixed forests
  

Caucasus-Anatolian-Hyrcanian Temperate Forests [78]

• 
  Kopet Dag woodlands and forest steppe
  
• 
  Caucasus mixed forests
  
• 
  Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests
  
• 
  Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests
  
• 
  Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
  
• 
  Elburz Range forest steppe
  

Altai-Sayan Montane Forests [79]

• 
  Sayan Alpine meadow and tundra
  
• 
  Great Lakes Basin desert steppe
  
• 
  Altai montane forest and forest steppe
  
• 
  Sayan montane conifer forests
  
• 
  Sayan Intermontane steppe
  
• 
  Altai alpine meadow and tundra
  

Hengduan Shan Coniferous Forests [80]

• 
  Hengduan Mountains subalpine conifer forests
  
• 
  Qionglai-Minshan conifer forests
  
• 
  Nujiang Langcang Gorge alpine conifer and mixed forests
  

Muskwa/Slave Lake Boreal Forests [81]

• 
  Muskwa/Slave Lake forests
  
• 
  Northern Cordillera forests
  

Canadian Boreal Forests [82]

• 
  Eastern Canadian Shield taiga
  
• 
  Northwest Territories taiga
  
• 
  Northern Canadian Shield taiga
  

Ural Mountains Taiga [83]

• 
  Urals montane tundra and taiga
  

East Siberian Taiga [84]

• 
  East Siberian taiga
  

Kamchatka Taiga and Grasslands [85]

• 
  Kamchatka-Kurile meadows and sparse forests
  
• 
  Kamchatka-Kurile taiga
  
• 
  Kamchatka Mountain tundra and forest tundra
  

Horn of Africa Acacia Savannas [86]

• 
  Somali Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
  

East African Acacia Savannas [87]

• 
  Southern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
  
• 
  Serengeti volcanic grasslands
  
• 
  Northern Acacia-Commiphora bushlands and thickets
  

Central and Eastern Miombo Woodlands [88]

• 
  Eastern Miombo woodlands
  
• 
  Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands
  
• 
  Zambezian Baikiaea woodlands
  

Sudanian Savannas [89]

• 
  East Sudanian savanna
  

Northern Australia and Trans-Fly Savannas [90]

• 
  Cape York tropical savanna
  
• 
  Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
  
• 
  Kimberly tropical savanna
  
• 
  Einasleigh upland savanna
  
• 
  Carpentaria tropical savanna
  
• 
  Arnhem Land tropical savanna
  

Terai-Duar Savannas and Grasslands [91]

• 
  Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
  

Llanos Savannas [92]

• 
  Llanos
  

Cerrado Woodlands and Savannas [93]

• 
  Cerrado
  

Northern Prairie [94]

• 
  Northern short grasslands
  
• 
  Nebraska Sand Hills mixed grasslands
  

Patagonian Steppe [95]

• 
  Patagonian steppe
  

Daurian Steppe [96]

• 
  Daurian forest steppe
  
• 
  Mongolian-Manchurian grassland
  

Sudd-Sahelian Flooded Grasslands and Savannas [97]

• 
  Saharan flooded grasslands
  
• 
  Inner Niger Delta flooded savanna
  
• 
  Lake Chad flooded savanna
  

Zambezian Flooded Savannas [98]

• 
  Zambezian flooded grasslands
  

Rann of Kutch Flooded Grasslands [99]

• 
  Rann of Kutch seasonal salt marsh
  

Everglades Flooded Grasslands [100]

• 
  Everglades
  

Pantanal Flooded Savannas [101]

• 
  Pantanal
  

Ethiopian Highlands [102]

• 
  Ethiopian montane moorlands
  
• 
  Ethiopian montane grasslands and woodlands
  

Southern Rift Montane Woodlands [103]

• 
  Southern Rift montane forest-grassland mosaic
  

East African Moorlands [104]

• 
  East African montane moorlands
  
• 
  Ruwenzori-Virunga montane moorlands
  

Drakensberg Montane Shrublands and Woodlands [105]

• 
  Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
  

Central Range Subalpine Grasslands [106]

• 
  Central Range sub-alpine grasslands
  

Kinabalu Montane Shrublands [107]

• 
  Kinabalu montane alpine meadows
  

Northern Andean Paramo [108]

• 
  Cordillera Central paramo
  
• 
  Santa Marta paramo
  
• 
  Cordillera de Merida paramo
  
• 
  Northern Andean paramo
  

Central Andean Dry Puna [109]

• 
  Central Andean dry puna
  

Tibetan Plateau Steppe [110]

• 
  Yarlung Zambo arid steppe
  
• 
  Tibetan Plateau alpine shrublands and meadows
  
• 
  Southeast Tibet shrublands and meadow
  
• 
  Central Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
  
• 
  Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe
  

Middle Asian Montane Steppe and Woodlands [111]

• 
  Gissaro-Alai open woodlands
  
• 
  Pamir alpine desert and tundra
  
• 
  Tian Shan montane conifer forests
  
• 
  Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe
  
• 
  Hindu Kush alpine meadow
  
• 
  Tian Shan montane steppe and meadow
  
• 
  Tian Shan foothill arid steppe
  

Eastern Himalayan alpine meadows [112]

• 
  Eastern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows
  

Alaskan North Slope Coastal Tundra [113]

• 
  Arctic foothills tundra
  
• 
  Arctic coastal tundra
  

Canadian Low Arctic Tundra [114]

• 
  Low Arctic tundra
  

Fenno-Scandia Alpine Tundra and Taiga [115]

• 
  Kola Peninsula tundra
  

• 
  Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands
  

Taimyr and Siberian Coastal Tundra [116]

• 
  Northeast Siberian coastal tundra
  
• 
  Taimyr-Central Siberian tundra
  

Chukote Coastal Tundra [117]

• 
  Chukchi Peninsula tundra
  
• 
  Wrangel Island arctic desert
  

Fynbos [118]

• 
  Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
  
• 
  Montane fynbos and renosterveld
  

Southwestern Australia Forests and Scrub [119]

• 
  Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands
  
• 
  Southwest Australia woodlands
  
• 
  Southwest Australia savanna
  
• 
  Kwongan heathlands
  
• 
  Esperance mallee
  
• 
  Coolgardie woodlands
  

Southern Australia Mallee and Woodlands [120]

• 
  Naracoorte woodlands
  
• 
  Eyre and York mallee
  
• 
  Mount Lofty woodlands
  
• 
  Murray-Darling woodlands and mallee
  

California Chaparral and Woodlands [121]

• 
  California coastal sage and chaparral
  
• 
  California interior chaparral and woodlands
  
• 
  California montane chaparral and woodlands
  

Chilean Matorral [122]

• 
  Chilean matorral
  

Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands, and Scrub [123]

• 
  Cyprus Mediterranean forests
  
• 
  Tyrrhenian-Adriatic Sclerophyllous and mixed forests
  
• 
  Iberian conifer forests
  
• 
  Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
  
• 
  Madeira evergreen forests
  
• 
  Aegean & Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests
  
• 
  Anatolian conifer and deciduous mixed forests
  
• 
  Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forests
  
• 
  Northeastern Spain & Southern France Mediterranean forests
  
• 
  Canary Islands dry woodlands and forests
  
• 
  Crete Mediterranean forests
  
• 
  Southeastern Iberian shrubs and woodlands
  
• 
  Eastern Anatolian deciduous forests
  
• 
  Italian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests
  
• 
  Mediterranean High Atlas juniper steppe
  
• 
  Illyrian deciduous forests
  
• 
  Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests
  
• 
  Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
  
• 
  Corsican montane broadleaf and mixed forests
  
• 
  Central Anatolian deciduous forests
  
• 
  Pindus Mountains mixed forests
  
• 
  Central Anatolian steppe
  
• 
  Northwest Iberian montane forests
  
• 
  Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets
  
• 
  Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
  
• 
  Mediterranean woodlands and forests
  
• 
  South Appenine mixed montane forests
  

Namib-Karoo-Kaokoveld Deserts [124]

• 
  Succulent Karoo
  
• 
  Namib desert
  
• 
  Nama Karoo
  
• 
  Namibian savanna woodlands
  
• 
  Kaokoveld desert
  

Madagascar Spiny Thicket [125]

• 
  Madagascar succulent woodlands
  
• 
  Madagascar spiny thickets
  

Socotra Island Desert [126]

• 
  Socotra Island xeric shrublands
  

Arabian Highland Woodlands and Shrublands [127]

• 
  Al Hajar Al Gharbi montane woodlands
  
• 
  Southwestern Arabian montane woodlands
  
• 
  Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert
  
• 
  Southwestern Arabian foothills savanna
  

Carnavon Xeric Scrub [128]

• 
  Carnarvon xeric shrublands
  
• 
  Pilbara shrublands
  

Great Sandy-Tanami Deserts [129]

• 
  Central Ranges xeric scrub
  
• 
  Gibson desert
  
• 
  Great Sandy-Tanami desert
  

Sonoran-Baja Deserts [130]

• 
  Gulf of California xeric scrub
  
• 
  Sonoran desert
  
• 
  Baja California desert
  
• 
  San Lucan xeric scrub
  

Chihuahuan-Tehuacán Deserts [131]

• 
  Meseta Central matorral
  
• 
  Tehuacan Valley matorral
  
• 
  Chihuahuan desert
  

Galápagos Islands Scrub [132]

• 
  Galápagos Islands xeric scrub
  

Atacama-Sechura Deserts [133]

• 
  Sechura desert
  
• 
  Atacama desert
  

Central Asian Deserts [134]

• 
  Central Asian riparian woodlands
  
• 
  Central Asian northern desert
  
• 
  Central Asian southern desert
  

Gulf of Guinea Mangroves [135]

• 
  Central African mangroves
  

East African Mangroves [136]

• 
  East African mangroves
  

Madagascar Mangroves [137]

• 
  Madagascar mangroves
  

New Guinea Mangroves [138]

• 
  New Guinea mangroves
  

Sundarbans Mangroves [139]

• 
  Sundarbans mangroves
  

Greater Sundas Mangroves [140]

• 
  Sunda Shelf mangroves
  

Guianan-Amazon Mangroves [141]

• 
  Amapa mangroves
  
• 
  Maranhao mangroves
  
• 
  Para mangroves
  
• 
  Guianan mangroves
  

Panama Bight Mangroves [142]

• 
  Gulf of Guayaquil-Tumbes mangroves
  
• 
  Gulf of Panama mangroves
  
• 
  Manabi mangroves
  
• 
  Esmeraldes-Pacific Colombia mangroves
  

Amazon River and Flooded Forests [147]

• 
  Iquitos varzeá
  
• 
  Gurupa varzeá
  
• 
  Rio Negro campinarana
  
• 
  Marajó Varzeá forests
  
• 
  Purus varzeá
  
• 
  Monte Alegre varzeá
  

Appendix 5: Ecoregion Descriptions

Download 2.75 Mb.

Share with your friends: