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| Page | 3/5 | | Date | 03.06.2017 | | Size | 369.99 Kb. | | #19958 |
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Table 4. Evidence of aerobic biodegradation of lignocellulosic materials by mixed cultures
Substrate
|
% lignin (initial)
|
Measure of degradation
|
Time (days)
|
Ref
|
Ryegrass straw
|
12
|
7-27% lignin degradation
|
45
|
117
|
Horse manure, wheat straw
|
20
|
12-43% lignin degradation
|
47
|
118
|
Canola residue (Brassica campestris)
|
11
|
17% lignin degradation
|
154
|
119
|
Wheat leaves
|
6
|
83% lignin degradation
|
224
|
120
|
Spruce groundwood
|
23-27
|
CO2 evolution 10-40% of the maximum
|
45-69
|
121
|
Sewage sludge and green plant waste
|
25
|
37% lignin degradation
|
135
|
122
|
Agricultural organic waste
|
|
25% lignin degradation
|
45
|
123
|
Wheat straw, root vegetables residues, bran and soild
|
|
26% lignin degradation
|
50
|
124
|
Olive-mill wastewaters and wheat straw
|
|
70% lignin degradation
|
90
|
125
|
Rice straw
|
10
|
80% straw degradation
|
9
|
102
|
Table 5. Lignin degradation rates, calculated by the authors of this paper based on literature data.
Microorganism
|
Substrate
|
Degradation rate (g/L/h)
|
Ref
|
Irpex lacteus
|
Wood chips of Pinus strobes
|
0.007
|
126
|
Irpex lacteus
|
Wood chips of Liriodendron tulipifera
|
0.014
|
126
|
Trametes versicolor MrP 1
|
Wood chips of Pinus strobes
|
0.004
|
126
|
Trametes versicolor MrP 1
|
Wood chips of Liriodendron tulipifera
|
0.020
|
126
|
Streptomyces cyaneus
|
Barley straw
|
0.0045
|
48
|
Thermonospora mesophila
|
Barley straw
|
0.004
|
48
|
Pleurotus ostreatus
|
Cotton stalks
|
0.05
|
42
|
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
|
Cotton stalks
|
0.1
|
42
|
Echinodontium taxodii 2538
|
Bamboo culms
|
0.04
|
43
|
Trametes versicolor G20
|
Bamboo culms
|
0.04
|
43
|
Ganoderma sp En3
|
Bamboo culms
|
0.03
|
43
|
Phanerochaete chrysosporium
|
Cotton stalks
|
0.04-0.06
|
47
|
Acinetobacter spp.
|
Poplar wood
|
0.0001-0.0002
|
115
|
|
|
|
|
Table 6. Rates of lignin degradation with non-biological pretreatments reported in the literature 7
Pretreatment conditions
|
Pretreatment technology
|
Dilute acid
|
SO2-enhanced steam explosion
|
Liquid hot water
|
Aqueous ammonia
|
Lime
|
Temperature (OC)
|
140
|
180
|
200
|
160
|
120
|
Chemical loading
|
1% H2SO4
|
0.05 gSO2/g biomass
|
none
|
15% NH4OH
|
1 gCa(OH)2 + 100 psi O2
|
Reaction time (min)
|
40
|
10
|
10
|
60
|
240
|
Lignin degradation rate (g/L/h)
|
4.8
|
22
|
23
|
11.9
|
1.6
|
Table 7. Microorganisms reported to hydrolyse cellulose under anaerobic conditions
Microorganism
|
Substrate
|
Extent of degradation (%)
|
Time (days)
|
Ref
|
Ruminococcus albus
|
Avicel PH-105
|
30-70
|
0.5-2.5
|
127
|
Clostridium thermocellum
|
MN300
|
100
|
4
|
128
|
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
|
Sigmacell 20
|
54-87
|
0.3-2
|
55
|
Clostridium cellulolyticum
|
MN301
|
20-75
|
0.5-3
|
129
|
Clostridium thermocellum
|
MN300
|
45
|
4
|
130
|
Caldicellulosiruptor bescii
|
Switchgrass
|
85
|
15
|
32
|
Bacteroides succinogenes+Selenomonas ruminantium
|
Ball milled Whatman no.1 Filter paper
|
~100
|
NR
|
131
|
Clostridium thermocellum+Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum
|
SW40
|
80
|
5
|
132
|
Clostridium thermocellum+Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum
|
MN300
|
100
|
5
|
132
|
Fibrobacter Succinogenes
|
Sigmacell 20
|
54-79
|
0.5-3
|
56
|
Table 8. Anaerobic degradation of cellulose by mixed cultures
Substrate
|
Measure of degradation
|
Time (days)
|
Ref
|
Filter paper
|
99% (as CH4 production compared to glucose)
|
133
|
36
|
BW200
|
100% (as CH4 production compared to glucose)
|
69
|
36
|
Paper (hardwood and softwood pulp)
|
62% reduction in cellulose
|
13
|
133
|
Cellulose
|
68% reduction in cellulose
|
9 (HRT)
|
134
|
Sigmacell 50
|
80% reduction in cellulose
|
20
|
135
|
Cellulose powder
|
38-58% reduction in cellulose
|
5
|
136
|
Table 9. Microorganisms reported to hydrolyse cellulose under aerobic conditions
Microorganism
|
Substrate
|
Extent of degradation (%)
|
Time (days)
|
Ref
|
Bacteria
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
Avicel
|
15
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
Solka-Floc
|
20
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
CC31 (Whatman)
|
30
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
Filter paper (Whatman no 1)
|
35
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
MN300
|
45
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
Amorphous cellulose
|
75
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
Whatman for Chromatography
|
70
|
5
|
137
|
Cellulomonas fermentans
|
MN300
|
60
|
28
|
138
|
Cytophaga sp. LX-7
|
Whatman CF11
|
100
|
4
|
139
|
Fungi
|
Trichoderma viride
|
Ball milled wood cellulose (BW 200)
|
50-75
|
0.5-1.2
|
140
|
Trichoderma reesei
|
Solka Floc 200
|
100
|
7
|
141
|
Table 10. Aerobic degradation of cellulose by mixed cultures
Substrate
|
Measure of degradation
|
Time (days)
|
Ref
|
Avicel
|
97% of theoretical CO2
|
47
|
142
|
Avicel
|
84% of theoretical CO2
|
45
|
143
|
Cellulose
|
87% of initial cellulose
|
3
|
144
|
Avicel
|
83% of initial cellulose
|
100
|
145
|
Avicel
|
95% of theoretical cellulose
|
70
|
146
|
Cellulose filter paper
|
100% of initial cellulose
|
72
|
147
|
Filter paper
|
79% weight loss
|
4
|
102
|
Table 11. Cellulose degradation rates, calculated by the authors of the present paper on the basis of literature data
Microorganism
|
Substrate
|
Aerobic/anaerobic
|
Degradation rate (g/L/h)
|
Ref
|
Clostridium thermocellum
|
MN300
|
Anaerobic
|
0.005
|
128
|
Rumen microorganisms
|
Avicel PH102
|
Anaerobic
|
0.12
|
58
|
Rumen microorganisms
|
Avicel PH101
|
Anaerobic
|
0.05
|
57
|
Cellulomonas fermentans
|
MN300
|
Anaerobic
|
0.005
|
138
|
Fibrobacter succinogenes
|
Sigmacell 20
|
Anaerobic
|
0.05-0.20
|
56
|
Ruminococcus flavefaciens
|
Sigmacell 20
|
Anaerobic
|
0.06-0.27
|
55
|
Clostridium straminisolvens
|
Avicel
|
Anaerobic
|
0.03
|
148
|
Clostridium thermocellum+Clostridium thermohydrosulfuricum
|
MN300
|
Anaerobic
|
0.07
|
132
|
Clostridium thermocellum
|
MN300
|
Anaerobic
|
0.04
|
130
|
Trichoderma reesei
|
Solka Floc 200
|
Aerobic
|
0.30
|
141
|
Clostridium cellulolyticum
|
MN301
|
Anaerobic
|
0.03-0.05
|
129
|
Trichoderma viride
|
BW200
|
Aerobic
|
0.12-0.33
|
140
|
Cellulomonas uda JC3
|
CC31
|
Aerobic
|
0.05
|
137
|
Avicel
|
0.04
|
Solka Floc
|
0.044
|
Filter paper Whatman no. 1
|
0.055
|
MN300
|
0.105
|
Whatman for chromatography
|
0.25
|
Ruminococcus albus
|
Avicel PH105
|
Anaerobic
|
0.16-0.33
|
127
|
Mixed culture
|
Avicel
|
Anaerobic
|
0.001
|
149
|
Filter paper
|
Anaerobic
|
0.0025
|
Clostridium thermocellum
|
Avicel
|
Anaerobic
|
0.10
|
150
|
Table 12. Cellulose hydrolysis rates with enzymatic hydrolysis reported in the literature
Cellulose type
|
Enzyme loading
|
Cellulose hydrolysis rate (g/L/h)
|
Ref
|
Avicel
|
15 FPU/g cellulose
|
0.23
|
151
|
Solka Floc SW40
|
17.6E-3 IU/mL
|
0.08
|
152
|
Avicel
|
60 FPU/g cellulose
|
1.3
|
153
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