The united republic of tanzania agricultural sector development program
RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ZANZIBAR
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- 8 IMPLEMENTING STRATEGIES AND PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT PLAN (PMP)
- 8.2 PMP IMPLEMENTATION
- 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
7.2 RELATED POLICIES AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN ZANZIBARAgricultural Policy of 2002: Growth of the agricultural sector is the most fundamental challenge and the one with an expected widest impact on endeavours to reduce poverty in Zanzibar. To that end, among others, main policy statements include: Promotion of private sector investment in agricultural activities through e.g. various incentives, Promotion establishment, and empowerment of farmers’ associations/societies etc. Furthermore, feasible targets for agricultural growth have been set-up and may be categorized based on crops as follows: food crops, fish, livestock, forest products, fruits, cloves, as well as miscellaneous export products, e.g. spices.
Uncontrolled deforestation and land mismanagement in environmentally fragile areas of coral rags. In view of the above, therefore, the key policy statement pertains to the need to improve management of rural lands within the framework of overall land use planning.
Rights and responsibilities for every body in Zanzibar to live in a clean and healthy environment, Principles for sustainable development, as well as promoted uses of renewable natural resources, Principles for conservation and recovery of non-renewable natural resources, Establishment of “National Environment Fund”, Preparation of national as well as local –specific—“Environmental Action Plans”; in relation to “Integrated Coastal Areas Management Plans”. Requirements for “Environmental Impact Assessments” Hazardous waste management practices Establishment of protected areas biodiversity system
The declaration of public land and circumstances of their grant, Circumstances under which rights of occupancy may arise, Leaseholds in Zanzibar Plant protection Act of 1997: This Act provides for prevention of possible introduction of and spread of plant pests. The main provisions of the Act are: Declarations on regulations pertaining to importation, points of entry, containment, conveyances, and quarantine stations for pests. Similar to the above, declarations on regulations for exports e.g. of plants carrying pests.
8.1 INTRODUCTIONA review of the draft documents of the programme revealed project objectives, activities, outputs, etc. pose substainal implications on pest and pesticide management and these implications are summarized in Table 8.1 Table 8.1: Potential implication for pest management under ASSP
8.2 PMP IMPLEMENTATIONImplementation of PMP in the programme areas of ASSP is recommended. One district or two districts near the Zonal Agriculture Research and Development Institutes in Lake, Northern, Eastern, Western, Southern and Southern Highland Zones and Zanzibar should be selected for the implementation for the pilot study for a two year period. This PMP will addresses the programme needs to monitor and mitigate negative impact of any increase in the use of agrochemicals, particularly chemical pesticides by promoting ecological and biological control to pest management. The PMP shall provide an information basis for stakeholder groups to establish functional mechanism enabling selected farmers to identify, understand and manage pest problems in the further development of community and farmer groups agriculture, reduce personal and environmental health risks associated with pesticide use, and protect beneficial biodiversity such as natural enemies of pests and pollinators in the farmers’ efforts to increase productivity. The PMP also raises the need of selected farmers to understand and respond to the situations where introduction of alien invasive species necessitates quarantine and stringent minimum pesticide residue levels. The PMP also proposes collaboration with national and international IPM institutions, strengthening policy and institional framework and building capacity. The main objectives of the PMP will be to enable ASSP to monitor pests and diseases vectors and mitigate negative environmental impacts associated with pest control in districts community and farmer groups agriculture and promote agro-ecosystem management. The plan provides decision-makers and community and farmer groups agriculture user groups with clearer guidelines on IPM approaches and options to reduce crop and livestock losses with minimal personal and environmental health risks. Overall, the PMP will empower farmer groups to contribute significantly to householde and national economies. The specific objectives of the PMP are to: Assessment of IPM program needs for pilot districts under ASSP Invite proposals from ZADRDIs, SUA, UDSM, NGOs, etc. for development of IPM program for the pilot districts Design and delivery of training programme for crop specialists, programme stakeholders and farmers to assist users in planning and implementing location specific IPM activities Promote biological and ecological approaches for farmers to learn, test, select and implement IPM options for reducing pest losses while promoting biodiversity, monitoring to serve as early warning systems on pest status, alien invasive species, benefical species, and migratory pests. Establish linkages to develop a national IPM policy and to make the Plant Protection Act (1997) effective and harmonized with the TPRI Act (1979) in order to remove overlapping mandates in the field of inspection services so as to be in compliance with international conventions and guidelines on pesticide use Monitor and evaluate the benefits of IPM including its impact of food security, the environment and health 8.3 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY8.3.1 Capacity BuildingIPM is a knowledge intensive and interactive methodology. The need to accurately identify and diagnose pests and pest problmes and understand ecosystem interactions could enable farmers with biological and ecological control opportunities and in making pragmatic pest control decisions. Thus the success of IPM depends largerly on developing and sustaining institutional and human capacity to facilitate experiential learning for making informed decisions in integrating scientific and indigenous knowledge to solve district, ward and village specific problems. Poor communication between farmers, extension agents and researchers from ZARDIs and universities has often led to poorly-targeted research or to poor adoption of promising options generated by research. The full benefits of investment in agricultural research thereby remain untapped under these circumstances. Closer farmer-research investigator interaction and adaptive research and participatory learning approaches in capacity building efforts can help to bridge this gap and make research results more appliabltgy by farmers. The farmers will learn biological and ecological processes underpinning IPM options, and use the newly acquired knowledge to choose compatible methods to reduce production and post-harvest losses through frequent field visits, meetings, demonstrations, adaptive research trails, etc. Capacity building will be achieved through farmer-based collaborative management mechanisms where all key stakeholders shall be regarded as equal partners. Beneficiary farmers shall be the principal actors faciltied by others like ZARDIs, PHS, DPPOs, VEOs, NGOs, etc. as partners whose role will be to facilitate the process and provide technical direction and any other support necessary for the implementation of PMP. The pilot PMP should be designed to build on, and to some extent strengthen existing national capacities for the promotion and implementation of IPM. The major actors and partners will include the following: The programme beneficiary farmers: as the principal beneficiaries they will be organized into Farmer Groups for training and adoption of IPM practices. The farmers will be facilitated to set up Community IPM Action Committees to coordinate IPM activities in their areas. The Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security’s Plant Health Services and ZARDIs have the national mandates in implementation of crop protection and pest management research respectively. The programme of ASSP will provide logistical and technical support to the PHS zonal centres to be trained as IPM trainers and to exploit their experiences in the implementation of IPM and management of outbreak and migratory pest. PHS will undertake to build the capacities of DPPOs to train VEOs and SMS in promoting IPM activities. The DPPOs will train the SMSs and VEO in IPM and the VEOs and SMSs will train the farmers in IPM technologies and facilitate information on Farmers Field Schools (FFS). PHS will thus provide capacity and policy guidance and/or oversight for implementation of the district PMP. The ZARDIs IPM commodity team will served as resource persons at FFS and districts or any other mechanism deemed suitable for conducting IPM Trainers and Farmer Group training secessions. The team will also be a major partner to farmer groups in the planning and execution of farmer participatory research activities related to IPM. The District Councils within the pilot PMP should provide staff like DPPOs, SMS and VEOs for training at FFS or ZARDIs and should play major role with NGOs/CBOs in the public awarness campaign, production of extension materials, radio and television programmes in the respective districts. They should also monitor the prevalence of inputs supply by the dealers. Ministry of Health (MoH) District Hospitals: the district hospital or clinics in the pilot PMP should set up databases on incidence of data on poinsining, effect of pesticides on human health and environmental contamination. This data will then be used to measure and validate the ameliorating effects of IPM adoption and pilot PMP implementation that is expected to reduce risks to pesticides exposure. National Environmental Management Council (NEMC): will collaborate with the district hospitals and natural resources management offices of the districts on training beneficiary Farmer Groups in environmental management. Partners will include the following: Research and training institutions: to formulate proposals for research and training programmes for the development of IPM protocols for the ASPS programme and training modules ffor participating PHS and DPPOs, ZARDIs commodity IPM team and programme staff. FAO and Global IPM facility: to be a valuable sources of technical information and to provide technical support for training, planning and field implementation of IPM in Farmer Groups. The ASDP/ASSP programme will also build on the knowledge, structures, facilities, and lessons learnt in other related projects in Africa and elsewhere. Agriculture Service Providers and NGOs that are working on providing services to farmers and improving agricultural productivity, environmental management and rural health matters will be identified to provide services and technical support to the field implementation of IPM and other pilot PMP. 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