The united republic of tanzania agricultural sector development program

6.2 ZANZIBAR

Farmers in FFS received training on season-long crop activities with emphasis on the use of Agro Eco System Analysis and better crop management practices. By December 1998, there were 22 FFS with a total of 377 farmers. Some examples of achievements include: in irrigated rice, farmers have been convinced that important pests like hispa beetle (Trichispa sericeae) and rice yellow mottle virus can be managed by cultural measures and in some cases application of plant extracts (Tephrosia vogelli). Also, farmers have started to use chicken/farm yard manure, compost and green manure as alternatives to mineral fertilisers. In banana, use of farmyard manure and planting of a mixture of susceptible and resistant varieties followed by field sanitation has reduced black sigatoka disease and has increased yield. The IPM cassava farmers have discovered that the yield reducing effect of cassava mosaic virus (CMV) can be compensated by application of green manure of Gliricidia and Calliandra. Cultural practices such as clean seedbed, row planting, use of weed suppressive rice varieties, timely hand weeding or application of reduced doses of herbicide, field sanitation and rotation with leguminous crops in rain-fed rice have increased soil fertility and crop yield as well as reduced weed and insect problems. Crop health and pest management in vegetables has improved through better seedbed preparation and (trans) planting techniques, application of compost, and use of neem leaf extract (Azadirachta indica) against caterpillars. Major constraint was that the project terminated in December 1998 while it was at infant stage, despite the fact that the programme was still far from achieving the objective.

The curricula and training guides for all the 5 IPPM crops have been developed during the curriculum development workshop and have been used in conducting farmers’ training in the farmer field schools. A total of 52 FFS were run, 26 in Unguja and 26 Pemba as planned. Crops covered were irrigated rice, rainfed rice, vegetables, bananas and cassava. The total number of farmers trained in Unguja and Pemba was 1,038 (549 males and 489 females). The achievement of farmers’ coverage is quite good (99.8%) compared to the target of 1,040 farmers.

Generally farmers’ income is low, hence they cannot afford adequate inputs to apply fully the improved practices in their fields for their maximum benefit and for the purpose of disseminating improved package to other farmers .

The system of grants/credit was not included in the IPPM programme and this is important for the developmet of the resource-poor farmers.

IPPM programme focussed mainly on crops, livestock aspects were not addressed; hence farmers’ needs were not fully met.

The problem of land tenure, as experienced by some of the farmers’ groups/ individual farmers, hampers agricultural development.
Based on the experiences on the IPM/IPPM development process from the above mentioned projects, the following key lessions can be drawn:

The ‘learning by doing’ through FFS approach is totally new for the involved government officials (e.g. researchers, extensionists and politicians).

The ‘way of working’ in FFS means a fundamentally different approach to technology development and extension.

The driving force behind in FFS is the farmers’ demand.

7. POLICY, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING PMP

7.1 INTRODUCTION

In recognition of past mistakes and problems associated with excessive use of chemical pesticides in some cropping systems, the Government of Tanzania has taken deliberate measures to pave way for the promotion of IPM in all crop production systems.

First, in 1996, the Government initiated measures to review and update existing legislation in line with new policy directions. In 1997, the Government formulated and introduced the Agriculture and Livestock Policy of 1997 and National Environmental Policy of 1997. In line with this, a new Plant Protection Legislation was enacted in 1997 followed by its regulations of 1999. All these policies and legislation emphasise use of sustainable production approaches notably integrated pest management. A summary of the policies and acti are presented.

7.1.1 Policies and Regulatory frameworks in Tanzania mainland
National Environmental Management Policy (1997)
The NEM Policy is set to achieve the following in terms of environmental management:

Integrated multisectoral approaches necessary in addressing the totality of the environment;

Fostering government-wide commitment to the integration of environmental concerns in the sectoral policies, strategies and investment decisions;

Creating the context for planning and coordination at a multisectoral level, to ensure a more systematic approach, focus and consistency, for the ever-increasing variety of players and intensity of environmental activities.

The policy has identified six key major environmental issues in the country. These are land degradation, water pollution, air pollution, loss of wildlife habitats, deterioration of aquatic systems and deforestation. Hence the policy has the following objectives with respect to environmental management in agriculture:

To ensure sustainability, security and equitable and sustainable use of natural resources;

To prevent and control degradation of land, water, vegetation, and air;

To conserve biological diversity of the unique ecosystems the country;

To raise public awareness and understanding of the essential linkages between environment and development, and to promote individual and community participation in environmental action.
7.1.2 National Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997)
The ultimate goal of having NAL Policy is to improve the well being of the population whose principal occupation is based on agriculture. The focus of the policy is to commercialise agriculture so as to increase the livelihood of the smallholder farmers/livestock keepers. The policy’s main objectives include:

To ensure basic food security for the nation and to improve national standards of nutrition, by increasing output, quality and availability of food commodities;

To improve standards of living in the rural areas through increased income generation from agricultural and livestock production;

To increase foreign exchange earnings for the nation by encouraging production and increased exportation of agricultural and livestock products;

To promote integrated and sustainable use and management of natural resources such as land, soil, water and vegetation in order to conserve the environment;

To provide support services to the agricultural sector, which cannot be provided efficiently by the private sector.

In relation to Plant Protection Services the Ministry has taken measures to improve and strengthen PP services in order to minimise crop losses resulting from pests and diseases. Hence the Ministry strongly advocates using IPM approaches to be disseminated to farmers through the agricultural extension services. On the aspects of migratory pests and diseases, the Ministry cooperates fully with the neighbouring countries in the collective effort to control the damage of such pests. The Ministry also has in place supervisory and regulatory instruments to register, license, monitor and supervise manufacturers, importers, distributors and users of agricultural inputs such as pesticides and herbicides.

7.1.3 Plant Protection Act no 13 (1997)

This Act has made provisions for consolidation of Plant Protection Act, to prevent introduction and spread of harmful organisms, to ensure sustainable plant and environmental protection, to control the importation and use of plant protection substances, to regulate export and imports of plant and plant products and ensure fulfilment of international commitments, and to entrust all plant protection regulatory functions to the government and for matters incidental thereto or connected therewith.
As regards to this Act, the activities of Tanzania Pesticides Research Institute have been incorporated into the Plant Protection Act. In relation to IPM, importation of biological control agents is not allowed unless under the prescribed permit by the Ministry.

7.1.4 Environmental Management Act of 2004

The act on environmental management has proposed the establishment of sector environmental management units at each Ministry, with the responsibility of ensuring compliance on environmental matters written under the proposed bill. The sector environmental unit has, among others, the responsibilities of

Advising and implementing policies of the government on the protection and management of environment

Coordinating activities related to the environment of all persons within the Ministry

Ensure that environmental concerns are integrated into the Ministry development planning and project implementation in a way which protects the environment

To prepare and coordinate the implementation of environmental action plans at the national and local levels as required under this Act

To refer to the council any matter related to the enforcement of the purposes of this Act

To ensure that sectoral environmental standards are environmentally sound
In relation to the Management of dangerous materials and processes, of which agricultural chemicals may fall, the Minister shall have the power to make regulations pertaining to persistent organic pollutants (POP) and pesticides issues, to ensure that they are in compliance with the Stockholm Convention on POP of 2001 and Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade of 1998.
The Minister shall also have the powers to make regulations regarding the prevention and control of pollution. However, this mainly relates to the discharge of hazardous substances such as chemicals or mixtures containing oil in water or any other segment of the environment, except in accordance with guidelines prescribed under this Act or any other written law.
It is an offence punishable by law to discharge such chemicals, and in this regard there is payment on the costs of removal, and those incurred during the restoration of environment.
The Institution/organisation is expected to give immediate notice of the discharge to the Council or relevant sector Ministry, and commence clean up operations using the best available clean-up methods, and comply with such directions as the Council may prescribe. In this context, services that relate to the regulation of agricultural chemicals in the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security shall be at the forefront to ensure the judicial use of agropesticides.
This act, however, will only be operation in Tanzania mainland.

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