The United States federal government should pursue a defensive space control strategy that emphasizes satellite hardening, replacement, redundancy and situational awareness
They Say “Space is only Militarized, Not Weaponized”
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They Say “Space is only Militarized, Not Weaponized”[ ] The Militarization/Weaponization distinction is outmoded Col Shaw, USAF 2009 BS, Astronautical Engineering, USAFA; MS, Astronautics, University of Washington; MA, Organizational Management, George Washington University; MS, National Security Strategy, National Defense University [Towards a New National-Security Space Strategy through an analysis of US Maritime Strategy, Air & Space Power Journal, Spring 2009,] The age-old debate over “weaponization of space” (which struggles even to define the basic terms weaponization and space, let alone shape the various positions around varying definitions) finds itself on the brink of obsolescence. Because treating the medium of space separately and distinctly from its terrestrial counterparts has become increasingly difficult, if not impossible, it is correspondingly almost impossible to practically discuss weaponization of space without the subject’s having embedded (and likely intractable) implications for terrestrial weapons and forces.12 This new and ever-increasing inseparability of activities in or through space and the terrestrial environment—whether political, economic, military, or some other form of activity—demands a corresponding, integrated space-security strategy. ***HEGEMONY***Hegemony – US Satellites Vulnerable[ ] Current space assets are unstable- Fragile satellites, the presence of space weapons, and lack of relaunch capability Denmark 2010 - Fellow with the Center for a New American Security [By Abraham M. and Dr. James Mulvenon CNAS, Jan, Contested Commons: The Future of American Power in a Multipolar World http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS%20Contested %20Commons%20Capstone_0.pdf Accessed Jun 21] The openness and stability of the space commons are challenged by the inherent fragility of satellites and the space commons itself, as well as the development and proliferation of anti-satellite jamming and strike capabilities. Satellites are highly vulnerable. They are susceptible to kinetic and directed energy attacks, as well as jamming from the surface of the Earth. Even modest damage to satellite subsystems, such as its optics or solar arrays, can prove disastrous. Compounding this fragility is the vulnerability of space infrastructure that develops, launches, maintains and operates spacecraft. The United States possesses only two launch sites that are meant to handle large launch vehicles, and four overall. Each has a small number of launch pads, and the two large facilities are on coastlines, increasing their vulnerability to monitoring and attack. Moreover, the United States does not stockpile launch vehicles or significant numbers of spare satellites, limiting America’s ability to replenish space assets in times of conflict. [ ] US space security threat is growing – other nations are developing ASAT capability Kyl 2007 – US senator and Attorney. [Jon Kyl. Published on February 1, 2007. Delivered on January 29, 2007. China's Anti-Satellite Weapons and American National Security. The Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/Research/Lecture/Chinas-Anti-Satellite-Weapons-and-American-National-Security. Accessed June 21] Second, unfortunately, the threat to our space security is real and growing. The threat can take many forms. A report by the U.S. Space Commission staff identifies at least 11 distinct categories of anti-satellite attack: from ground segment attack or sabotage to kinetic kill to nuclear ASATs, particle beam weapons, and electronic attack.[1] The space threat posed by China is multifaceted. The "painting" in September of a U.S. satellite by a ground-based laser shows that the Chinese program includes a broad range of capabilities, from kinetic kill to directed energy.[2] The January 11 test also shows China's ability to hit targets in Low-Earth Orbit (LEO), where most American reconnaissance assets are deployed. But reports suggest that the Chinese also seek the ability to attack satellites in Medium- and High-Earth Orbit, such as GPS.[3] Other nations also may have ASAT capabilities. We recall that the Soviet Union had an advanced ASAT program during the Cold War, which presumably still exists in some form. News reports suggest that Iran may soon launch a satellite, meaning that a crude ASAT capability could be within their reach shortly. Any nation with missile-launched nuclear weapons, including Pakistan, India, and potentially North Korea, could destroy satellites by setting off a High Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP). [ ] US Space assets are vulnerable – we fear Chinese weaponizing space United Press International, 2011 [Date accessed 6-21-11 Date published 2-8-2011 “U.S. wary of China space weapons” proquest] Senior Pentagon officials are sounding concern over China's development of weapons designed to shoot down satellites or jam communication signals. U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense for Space Policy Gregory Schulte said China's project was becoming a "matter of concern" for the United States. Space, he told defense and intelligence officials while unveiling a 10-year strategy for security in space, "is no longer the preserves of the United States and the Soviet Union, at the time in which we could operate with impunity." "There are more competitors, more countries that are launching satellites ... and we increasingly have to worry about countries developing counter-space capabilities that can be used against the peaceful use of space." In 2007, China shot an obsolete weather satellite with a ground missile, creating so much space junk that crew members on the International Space Station had to change orbit to avert a collision last year. Schulte said in his remarks that U.S. concerns had prompted U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates to seek to include space in stability talks being pursued with the Chinese. The official said China's capabilities were going beyond shooting at spacecraft. Beijing's counter-space activities include jamming satellite signals. It is also in the process of developing directed energy weapons that emit a disabling burst of energy toward a target rather than firing a projectile at it. Other countries believed to be developing counter-space technology include Iran and Ethiopia. Directory: files files -> Answer True False 2 points Question 2 files -> Integer programming and game theory files -> 4 Integer Programming files -> Bpa vehicle Window Repair Scenario #1 task: Procure vehicle window relacement. Objective files -> Pop Warner History files -> North Carolina Inclusion Initiative Mapping Where Children with ieps are Being Served Purpose files -> Fall 2013 Spring 2014 Program Data: Standard 1 Exhibit 4d files -> Hanban – asia society confucius classrooms network 2010 request for proposal files -> Northern England’s set-jetting locations Download 1.07 Mb. 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