Theme: Change and Chronology Generalization



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CHANGE OVER TIME IN A CULTURE, REGION, OR CIVILIZATION
CIVILIZATION: __________________________




CHANGE AND CONTINUITY

Using one of the above themes, summarize its characteristics in the time period below;



identify elements of continuity and areas which have changed from the previous period



SUMMARIZE

PERIOD


CHANGES FROM LAST PERIOD

CONTINUITIES

FROM LAST PERIOD

ANCIENT:

To 500 BCE











CLASSICAL:

500 BCE – 6THc. CE


POST-CLASSICAL

6TH c. CE – 1450



EARLY

MODERN:

1450 – 1750













MODERN:

1750 – 1914














CONTEMPORARY1914 – PRESENT












CHRONOLOGY OF FACTS: FOUNDATIONS THRU POST-CLASSICAL PERIOD


50 – 12,000 BCE

Bering land bridge allows humans to migrate to, throughout the Americas


13000 BCE

Evidence of first human settlement in the United States

13 – 4000 BCE

Rise of Paleo-Arctic tradition of hunting sea mammals with specialized tools

17 – 8000 BCE

Sophisticated blade technology discovered in Meadowcraft, Pennsylvania; small bands of 30 – 40 family members; elders make decisions; generally little gender differentiation

11 – 7000 BCE

Paleo-Indians are big game hunters; distinguished by projectile heads

7000 BCE

Three-fourths of big game animals hunted to extinction; massive climate changes

7000 BCE

Hunter-gatherers arose in Southwest making mats, nets, baskets, and rope

7000 – 2000 BCE

Agricultural villages in Eastern US, Mississippi Valley; life includes hunting, gathering; both patrilineal, matrilineal social structures indicated; gender roles begin to vary

4000 BCE

Permanent hunting encampments in Mid-West

3000 BCE

Long-distance trade in Eastern US dominated by tribal superiors; use of copper, mica for tools; agriculture intermixed with hunting, gathering (norm until 1500)

3000 – 2000 BCE

High social status evidenced by practice of burying dead with possessions; Eastern US, especially Ohio burial mounds; trade seems to have been to acquire wealth

2200 – 100 BCE

Boats developed in Arctic, Pacific Coast; permanent sea mammal hunting villages

700 BCE –

200 CE

Adena culture in Ohio Valley; long-distance trade; small villages with communal houses, single family homes; slash-burn agriculture, digging stick, hoe; weaving

300 BCE

Mogollon, Hohokam cultures in Arizona; farming, irrigation; corn, beans, cotton; long-distance trade with Mexico; ball-courts, art motifs similar to Mexican examples

200 BCE –

600 CE

Hopewell culture in Ohio: religious cults, artistic traditions, refined/intricate art, craftsmen, long distance trade, farming villages and city-states indicated; social stratification includes highest (priests including ruler), merchants, warriors

600 CE

Increase in food, land yields, population, newer technologies such as bow/arrow lead to competition, rivalry, in Mississippi, Ohio River valleys

800 – 1500 CE

Mississippian culture dominant in river basin and tributaries; city-states; farming with dispersed homesteads, ceremonial religious and government centers; trade throughout region; highly stratified society with priests at top, divine rulers, sacred lineages

900 – 1500 CE

Cahokia, Illinois: 35,000 people; fortified communities; rulers (Great Suns) live isolated; elite priests, living intermediaries between ancestors, gods; human sacrifice; sun calendar using math, astronomy. Powerful chiefs, sub-chiefs monopolize long-distance trade; strong evidence of contacts with Mexico both Mayan and Aztec, perhaps Toltec

1000 – 1300 CE

Anasazi culture; chieftain government, clan superiority, kinship lineages, religious structures, human sacrifice, long-distance trade, extensive roads, arts; religious theocracies rule government, set social norms, enforced by male holders of offices

13th – 15th c. CE

Mississippian culture spreads to Iroquois of New York, Cherokee of Georgia; warfare for personal glory, revenge, to seize property, protect hunting; wampum are mnemonic devices, money, contracts, treaties; matrilineal families, clans, and nations. Women have major and significant role including government, diplomacy

1390 CE

Five Nations of the Iroquois; permanent alliance to control New York, Eire area

15th c. CE

Caluscos of Florida; large, sea-going canoes trading throughout Caribbean; built capital in geometric design of temple mound cities, canals.

15th c. CE

Atlantic, West Coast Indians: permanent farming villages, agriculture intermixed with fishing, hunting, gathering, trade


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