Through the theoretical adaptation of biometric technologies to people of variable abilities
Download 2.12 Mb.
|
- Navigate this page:
- Image 20: Smallest RFID Chip
- Disability Statistics
Storage MethodologiesThe biometric data can be stored in a number of ways, either in a centralized database, in a distributed system, or on a user owned portable storage device. Many of the methods used to store the biometric data is done so in a cross-methodology fashion. No matter what storage method is used, the biometric data must be encrypted to ensure that security requirements are met (Biocentric Solutions Inc., n.d.). Client-Server Architecture The client-server architecture is most commonly associated to a centralized database approach. This approach is a one-to-many matching process as the centralize database stores all associated data in one location that is accessible via telecommunications assets. Distributed Architecture A distributed architecture is when a database is distributed to remote servers. In this scenario a centralized biometric database does exist and could have been fractured into geographical data segments using an ad hoc algorithm. The segmented data is then forced to geographically remote servers in a distributed fashion; the reason for this approach is to foster a one-to-a-few match of biometric users to small dataset. An example of one-to-a-few matching is an entry-control system for the restricted-access work area of a small work group (of, say, 20 people or fewer). In this example, the workers might not need access cards; they might need to present only a facial biometric to a sensor at the point of entry. A modest computer could determine within a few seconds whether the presented print matched one of the biometrics in the database.
A RFID is essential an inductively or capacitively coupled electronic UPC (Universal Product Code) bar code that is part of a distributed architecture. The RFID tag was originally developed and attached to cattle as a method of tracking them. The herder would use a hand held device to read the RFID. Today RFID tags can communicate to a networked system and so that businesses can electronic track every product as it moved through the supply chain. Some biometric developers have proposed using attaching RFIDs to a card for storage of biometric templates, which in itself is not unreasonable. Other developers have proposed the implantation of RFIDs into humans. It is possible to use RFID technology to identify and track human being, as RFIDs are currently being used to identify and track (tag) non-humanoid animals (RFID Journal). Image 20: Smallest RFID ChipSmallest RFID Chip (Hitachi) is 0.3 millimeter square 
Source: http://www.rfidjournal.com/ezimagecatalogue/ catalogue/phpSnTWUU.jpg Smart Card Technologies Smart cards possess all of the advantages of RFIDs, with the added advantages of extended computing and extended storage space. One of application of smart cards is to decrease the dependence on centralized databases for storing personal data and to replace RFIDs and magnetic-stripe cards, which are not smart. Smart cards may provide access to important personal data, but the data resides on a remote storage device. Smart cards come in two basic varieties, contact and contactless. If not for the interchanging of two parts a contact and contactless smart cards would be virtually identical. A contactless smart card consist the basic parts depicted in Image X (card body, contacts, chip, and antenna). Image 21: Component Parts of Contactless Smart Card 
Source: http://www.swats.se/images/swats/3/swats_kortritningar.gif Both the contactless and contact smart cards share many of the same parts. The primary differences between a contactless and contact smart card is that the contactless smart card has an antenna and no battery, while the contact smart card is reversed. The contact card is void of an antenna and has a battery. Contact smart cards use the battery as the energy source and rely on physical contact in order to convey data. Contactless smart cards do not have a battery as the energy source, nor does it require contact in order convey data. In a contactless smart card the antenna serves a dual purpose. The antenna is used to convey the data to a remote device and it is the power source. Image 22: Flow of Smart Card Reader/Writer Functions 
Source: http://edevice.fujitsu.com/fj/CATALOG/ AD05/05-00023/IMAGE/p39_e.gif Just like an RFID the contactless smart card uses the antenna to derive power from inductive coupling. Inductive coupling is the process of generating a strong, high frequency electro-magnetic field, which penetrates the cross-section of the coiled antenna area. By inducting an electro-magnetic field voltage is generated in the smart card's antenna coil. The voltage within the coil reaches a maximum due to resonance step-up in the parallel resonant circuit. This voltage is rectified and serves as the power supply for the card functions. Image 23: Inductive Coupling for Contactless Smart Card 
Source: http://edevice.fujitsu.com/fj/CATALOG/ AD05/05-00023/IMAGE/p37_2_e.gif Hybrid Architecture A hybrid-architecture schema uses a truly distributed database (e.g. RFID or smart card) and will normally be comprised of a TTP (trusted third party) that could be elicited via a client-server network. The difference is that the mission of the TTP is to verify the genuineness of the card via a security certificate(s) and/or the MAC (Media Access Control) address. By employing this strategy the TTP does not store user specific data or the biometric templates and therefore does not have explicit knowledge of the user’s identity. Existing Standards Standards relating to storage methods are well defined, established and accepted by the international communities. AAMVA Fingerprint Minutiae Format/National Standard for the Driver License/Identification Card DL/ID-2000: The purpose of the American Association for Motor Vehicle Administration (AAMVA) Driver’s License and Identification (DL/ID) Standard is to provide a uniform means to identify issuers and holders of driver license cards within the U.S. and Canada. The standard specifies identification information on drivers’ license and ID card applications. In the high-capacity technologies such as bar codes, integrated circuit cards, and optical memory, the AAMVA standard employs international standard application coding to make additional applications possible on the same card. The standard specifies minimum requirements for presenting human-readable identification information including the format and data content of identification in the magnetic stripe, the bar code, integrated circuit cards, optical memories, and digital imaging. It also specifies a format for fingerprint minutiae data that would be readable across state and province boundaries for drivers’ licenses. DL/ID-2000 is compatible with the BioAPI specification and CBEFF. ISO/IEC 7810 (Published 1985): Identification cards: Physical characteristics – This standard outlines characteristics relative to different sizes of cards. ID-1 has become the standard size for contact and contactless cards (dimensions: 54 mm x 85.6 mm x 0.76 mm (2.125 in x 3.370 in x 0.03 in). ISO/IEC 10373 (Published 1993): Identification cards: Test Methods – The standard has seven parts, Part 1: General characteristics tests, Part 2: Cards with magnetic stripes, Part 3: Integrated circuit(s) cards with contacts and related interface devices, Part 4: Close coupled cards, Part 5: Optical memory cards, Part 6: Proximity cards, Part 7: Vicinity cards. ISO/IEC 10536 (Published 1996): Identification cards: Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards: Close coupling contactless cards (operating distance less than 2 millimeters) – The standard has three parts, Part 1: Physical characteristics, Part 2: Dimension and location of coupling areas, Part 3: Electronic signals and reset procedures. ISO/IEC 14443 (Published 2001): Identification cards: Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards: Proximity contactless cards (operating distance up to 10 centimeters) – The standard has four parts, Part 1: Physical characteristics, Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface, Part 3: Initialization and anti-collision, Part 4: Transmission protocol. ISO/IEC 15693 (Published 2001): Identification cards: Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards: Vicinity contactless cards (operating distance up to 1 meter) – The standard has three parts, Part 1: Physical characteristics, Part 2: Air interface and initialization, Part 3: Anti-collision and transmission protocol. ISO/TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems (http://www.sae.org/technicalcommittees/gits.htm): Deals with Human Factors and Man-Machine Interface issues, and U.S. Working Advisory Groups to ISO/TC204/WGs 3, 10, 11 and 13. Standardization efforts of ISO/TC204 are harmonized with the ongoing efforts of CEN/TC278, Road Transport and Traffic Telematics, resulting in parallel development of global standards. JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices (http://www.sc17.com): In 1988 the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electro technical Commission (IEC) created a Joint Technical Committee on Information Technology (ISO/IEC JTC1). JTC1 comprises of some 19 sub-committees covering the area of Information Technology. Sub-Committee 17 (SC17) has responsibility for developing standards for Identification Cards and personal identification. JTC 1/SC 31 Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques (http://www.uc-council.com/sc31/home.htm): ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electro-Technical Commission) jointly sponsor Joint Technical Committee number one, JTC 1, to address subjects of interest to both organizations. JTC 1 in turn created several subcommittees to address specific issues. Among those subcommittees is SC 31. Disability StatisticsUnlike other statistical data, that which relates to people of variable abilities is not concrete. The reasons for such variances lie in how we as a society define the term disability, and how we group disabilities into those that affect hearing, speech, vision, mobility, agility, learning, memory, and psychological. Additionally, as per the content of both the formal and informal interviews that the researched has conducted it had been communicated that while society may conclude that a person to has a disability. The person in question may not consider himself or herself to have a disability, merely just challenged. Case in point, one of the interviewees suffers from a hearing lost. With respect to disability statistics, the question that we as a society have to ask is, “at what point should we consider a loss of physical or mental abilities to be a disability? Is it when a physician has determined that the percentage of loss ability has reached a tacit level or is when the person in question states that he or she has a disability?” Historically, the accumulation of disability statistic from those countries which are considered to be less developed, is either difficult to come by or non-existent. The following charts are an attempt to paint a graphical picture of statistical data from the three most predominant disabilities and their sources: U.S. Census Bureau (http://www.census.gov): 5.7% of Americans are vision impaired 5.9% of Americans have a hearing loss 17.7% of Americans have reduced mobility C
|
hart 1: American Disability Statistics, 1999
0.4% of Canadians have a hearing loss
hart 3: European Disability Statistics, 2001