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English and Welsh language poets from Wales



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English and Welsh language poets from Wales
Wales is one of the provinces of Great Britain; it is in the southwest of the main island of Great Britain. Poets writing in Welsh, Latin and English are relevant from 575 but relevant poets from Wales are earlier than English language poets from Great Britain.
Welsh. Welsh is a *Gaelic language. It has a great tradition of poetry writing from the *middle ages. See *Aneirin (active 575), *Anonymous poet—Welsh, *Huw Arwystli and *Brydydd. The poetical works *Amis and Amiloun; *Homer, the *Anacreontea, the *Palatine Anthology, *Martial and The Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam have all been translated into Welsh.
English. For poets writing in English, see *George Herbert, *Thomas Vaughan, *Edward Thomas (the three preceding poets are Anglo-Welsh), *Dylan Thomas, *David Jones, *Paul Chidgey (openly gay). For an early Latin poet from Wales see *Walter Map (active 575). The Mabinogion, a collection of stories from the fourteenth century, has a homosexual incident (see Woods, History of Gay Literature, 48–49).
References. Queneau, Histoire des littératures, volume two, 339–50. See the entry "Welsh Literature" in the fourteenth edition of Encyclopædia Britannica.

English in Australia
English, an *Indo-European language of the *Germanic group, has been spoken in Australia from 1788 and is the main spoken language. (For languages spoken by indigenous peoples, see *Overview—Australian Aboriginal oral literatures; there are also over a hundred introduced languages mainly from Europe and Asia but also from South America and Africa.)
The first direct reference to male homosexuality in a poem so far in Australian English is in a work by *Christianos (pseud.), dating from 1847 and written in the southmost state, Tasmania. Hints appear earlier—see *Francis MacNamara and the ballad *"Botany Bay" (dated possibly to ca. 1790).

In the *eighteen-nineties, before the trial of *Oscar Wilde in 1895, homoerotic poems were written by *J. Le Gay Brereton, the first Professor of English at the University of Sydney and formerly the University Librarian; he seems to have been homosexual for part of his life at least (he later married a woman) and probably *bisexual overall. He was also a *critic who was fascinated by the gay poet *Christopher Marlowe. *Mateship was a strong force with homosexual undertones in Brereton's poetry and in that of other 1890s poets such as *Henry Lawson and *Victor Daley. Many *ballads—poems which circulated orally—were written around this theme.

The first known poem referring to physical male homosexuality was written by *Christopher Brennan (written sometime after 1914 in a copy of *Oscar Wilde and Myself by *Alfred Douglas); it still remains a revolutionary homosexual poem in English. *C. J. Dennis, author of a popular sequence about a bashful bridegroom, The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke (1915), may have been gay. The novelist *Martin Boyd, who was probably homosexual, wrote homoaffectional verse while at *Cambridge University in Great Britain in the early part of the twentieth century. The *Nobel Prize winning homosexual novelist *Patrick White commenced his career at this time with a volume of love poems published in 1935; he has had a brilliant biographer in *David Marr. *William Blocksidge, a poet and philosopher, may have written a *lost book of *pederastic verse. In 1941, Charles Rischbieth Jury published the first work in poetry to openly deal with homosexual love, the verse drama, Icarius.

Homosexual *bawdry is only documented from the 1950s and, due to *censorship, the first openly published homopoem, by *Robert Adamson, was only published in 1971. (For laws restricting homosexuality see *Law— English). Consenting male homosexual acts became partly legal in the state of South Australia first in 1972 and later in other states; only in 1997 were male homosexual acts legalized in Tasmania (for males over seventeen; legal ages of sexual consent vary from state to state being mostly 16 and 17). In 1964 *Laurence Collinson left the country to live in London where he wrote fine openly gay poetry. Around 1971 the underground poem describing gay sex, The *Platonic Blow (later sourced to *W. H. Auden), was published in Australia, as an attack on the censorship laws; it received wide currency.


Only in the 1970s, after the beginning of *gay liberation in 1969, is there the beginnings of a gay poetry tradition: see for instance *Michael Dransfield, *Garth Clarke. Many poets of the *Generation of 68, which saw the emergence of *post modernism and of which Michael Dransfield was a major figure, wrote gay poems. *David Widdup published the first gay book of poems, The Homosexual Love Poems of David Widdup, around 1972 in Sydney. The unique multi-cultural journal *Ganymede: A Journal of Gay Poetics was published 1980–81, though it was not until 1983, with the publication of the first Australian gay anthology, *Edge City, that gay poetry writing emerged in any degree as an open activity. Poetry was published in gay *journals from 1970, though a few poems appear in journals before this date (for instance, by *Don Maynard).

The *Songs of the Gay Liberation Quire (1986), compiled and partly written by *Paul Van Reyk, is a selection of this choir's protest *songs. The first *Aids anthology in the world was the Australian anthology *Love and Death (1987), edited by the fine gay poet *Denis Gallagher who published the *long gay poem Making Do in Sydney in the early eighties. *Sydney, the largest city and capital of the state of New South Wales, has had an active gay movement since 1970. An annual gay and lesbian Mardi Gras parade in February or March, drawing hundreds of thousands of spectators, many from overseas is a focus of gay culture. The novelist *David Malouf published a masterly gay love sequence in 1976 and an outstanding recent poet is *David Herkt. An important but little known contemporary poet is the formerly *Adelaide based *Mikol Furneaux.

The gay literary *journal *Cargo was founded in 1987 by the leading gay male *publisher of the country, *Laurin McKinnon. The anthology of prose and poetry, male and female, *Pink Ink (1991), shows a move towards *queer poetry (of whom outstanding examples are the openly *bisexual *Michael Dargaville and *Tim McCann). The *Melbourne based *Javant Biarujia is a *post modernist poet; his partner *Ian Birks has also written gay poems. Some recent poems of *Stephen Williams are also outstanding. *Queer poetry, a newer movement, is also represented by the selection in *Robert Dessaix's mixed poetry and prose anthology Australian Gay and Lesbian Writing (1993).
*Michael Hurley has written an outstanding Guide to Lesbian and Gay Writing in Australia which includes poets. The world's largest dictionary of sexual *words in English is being compiled in Sydney by *Gary Simes. The author of this Encyclopedia, *Paul Knobel, is also a poet and has written a survey of homosexual poetry, Male Homosexuality and Australian English Language Poetry published in 1999.

See the *Overview—English in Great Britain entry for the background prior to 1788 and the influence of British material. The *Overview—English in the United States entry is also relevant from *Whitman onwards (from 1855) and especially from gay liberation in 1969.


Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 93–95: "Australia" by Gary Simes. Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage. Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australia". Gay Histories and Cultures: see "Australian Literature"; by *Michael Hurley.

English in Canada
English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic group, has been spoken in Canada from 1670. French, spoken from 1604, is the other official spoken language of the country (see *Overview—French, for Canadian French poets). *Indian languages are the languages of the indigenous peoples and poems may exist in Inuit, the language of the Eskimos, the native people of the Arctic region (see *Oral poems—Inuit). *Overview—English gives the general background against which Canadian gay poetry emerges. The United States has had an especially strong influence on Canadian culture.

The first poets of relevance so far known date only from the nineteenth century and include *Tom MacInnes, *Bliss Carman, *E. J. Pratt and *Frank Call. The homosexual poet *Walt Whitman had a Canadian disciple in *R. M. Bucke who published the first detailed biography of Whitman in 1883, as well as writing a mystical work which prefigured the ideas of *gay liberation. R. M. Bucke also edited Whitman's letters to *Peter Doyle published in 1897.

*Oscar Wilde and *Edward Carpenter were visitors to Canada; indeed Oscar Wilde's first lover and close friend *Robert Ross was born in the major Canadian city, *Toronto. The Canadian *Henry S. Saunders was an important *collector of Whitman material as well as compiling Parodies of Walt Whitman (1923), a defacto gay anthology.

In the first half of the twentieth century, *John Glassco wrote poetry on the *decadent model. *Patrick Anderson wrote gay poems from the early 1950s. He later went on to compile the outstanding English language anthology *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship, after leaving the country to live in Great Britain. Canadian gay culture, despite being overshadowed by that of the United States, was strong from the beginnings of the *gay liberation period (1969+), and especially in the 1970s. This period has seen a large number of openly gay poets. The major poet *Earle Birney even changed a word in a previously published poem in 1975 because of concern about the meaning of the word *gay. This period saw the founding of the important gay political and cultural *journal The *Body Politic (1971–87) published in Toronto, a major city of gay activism. *Montreal, in French speaking Canada, the country's second biggest city, also has English speakers and an achive of gay material.

The poet *Ian Young, though of British citizenship, has been mainly resident in Canada; he conducted a fine review column for The Body Politic and compiled the first gay liberation poetry anthology *The Male Muse published in 1973 and the bibliography *The Male Homosexual in Literature in (1975; expanded edition 1982). The first edition includes Canadian bibliographical entries. Ian Young was also a publisher and helped the work of many poets get into print through his printing press, *Catalyst. *bill bissett (who spells his name in lower case) has been associated with poetry activities in *Vancouver (the major west coast city at the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean and with links to the east). There has been a strong radical streak in Canadian gay poets: see *anarchism, *Marxism.

The *Canadian Lesbian and Gay Archives in Toronto has been the source of two major gay bibliographies, both titled *Homosexuality in Canada (1979; second edition 1984; further additions) and both listing poets, the first being annotated; they constitute the finest bibliographic record of gayness in a nation. The Archives contains unpublished *manuscripts and has finally in 2005 been granted a permanent headquarters helped by the city of Toronto. *E. A. Lacey was an outstanding recent poet, one of the finest English language gay liberation poets, who has, however, like many Canadian gay poets, lived much of his life away from Canada, in south America and south-east Asia in particular. Similarly, *Daryl Hine, writer of an outstanding *long poem, has long been resident in the United States.



Strangely, with so much gay literary activity, there have been no separate Canadian gay *anthologies except for *Larkspur and Lad's Love; Canadian poets have invariably been incorporated into United States published anthologies. For academic achievement relating to gay poetry, see *David A. Campbell, *Richard Dellamora and *Phyllis Grosskuth. *Robert K. Martin has written the finest overall concise survey of Canadian English language gay poetry. Compare *Overview—English—Australia. Perhaps because of United States influence being so much stronger, Canadian gay poetry was much quicker to bloom after the beginnings of gay liberation than in Australia, where repressive laws were in place for longer and United States cultural influences were not so strong (due to copyright links with Britain for book publishing ensuring that many United States books, especially gay poets, did not reach Australia).
The *law in Canada was changed nationwide in 1969 by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, before the first change in Australia, in the state of South Australia in 1972, and this law change undoubtedly greatly encouraged gay culture. *Censorship has been fierce at times (e.g., the Body Politic has fought several legal battles). See *"Old King Cole" for a sung parody with homo reference from Ontario dating ca. 1963.
In 1990, the seventy-six-year-old poet *Douglas LePan came out with a suite of love poems to a young man. *John Barton is a recent poet of note. English Studies in Canada vol. 20 no. 2 (1994) is a special gay and lesbian literary issue. For Indian languages see *Overview North American Indian languages. There are a large number of introduced languages in Canada due to large scale emigration, especially since 1945; the country is widely ragared as a successful multicultural society.
Dictionaries and Encyclopedias. Encyclopedia of Homosexuality, 192–94: see "Canada". Summers, Gay and Lesbian Literary Heritage: see "Canadian Literature in English".

English in Great Britain
English, an *Indo-European language in the *Germanic subgroup, has been spoken in Great Britain from ca. 550. Other languages spoken in Britain include the *Celtic languages: Welsh, Irish and Scots Gaelic (as noted in the general Overview for English above, Latin and French are also languages which have been spoken and which have left their mark on English). English has a rich homosexual poetry heritage from the earliest poetry, the *heroic poem *Beowulf (which survives in an eleventh century manuscript datable ca. 1000)

Old English and Middle English. In the *Old English period (to 1066), the first known English long poem, Beowulf, and *The Battle of Maldon show strong *male bonding with covert homoeroticism. *Christianity came to Great Britain definitively in this period when missionaries from Rome came to Canterbury. In the *Middle English period (1066–1550), *Chaucer (1340–1400) created in his pardoner a recognisable homosexual. The universities of *Oxford and *Cambridge started in the late *Middle Ages when they were institutions of single men (both have long homosexual histories). Anti-homosexual laws were introduced in the civil courts in shortly after 1533 by Henry the Eighth broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England came into existence (see *Law— English); before this, homosexual behavior, which was stigmatized, was controlled by the church. *Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, the first Renaissance poet, may have been gay.

The Elizabethan Period. The *Elizabethan period, when Queen Elizabeth the First was on the throne from 1558 to 1603, is a rich one for gay poetry. *Richard Barnfield, whose sonnets were outstanding wrote gay love poems at this time while *Shakespeare's Sonnets, which show the poet besotted by a young man and later a woman, were published in 1609 by the printer *Thomas Thorpe, probably some fifteen years after being written; they have been the subject of much controversy: such as whether his relationship with the man was even sexually consummated which the homosexual scholar *A. L. Rowse maintained was not the case. *William Webbe (active 1586) and *E. K. (pseud.) began gay criticism of poetry in English at this time. *London, the chief city and capital, is documented as a major center of male homosexuality from the period, including for the writing of gay poetry and the publishing of it. *Translation from Greek and Latin is especially important in making available the Greek and Latin heritage. Most poets before the mid twentieth century read Latin and some read Greek: these poets were aware of the rich heritage of homosexual poetry in these two languages (see *Overview—Greek, —Latin). *William Golding's Elizabethan translation of *Ovid, which revealed the homosexual loves of the ancient Pagan gods, was a popular work.

The poetry of the Elizabethan poets *Spenser, *Sidney, *Dyer and *Greville has strong homosexual undercurrents; in the theater the apparently homosexual couple *Francis Beaumont and *Thomas Fletcher wrote verse plays (their sexuality was first discussed by the first English biographer to mention homosexuality, *John Aubrey). Licensing of book publishing at this time led to the beginnings of *censorship which has plagued British English language gay poetry. After 1620, when many Puritans emigrated to what was to later become the United States, the English poetry heritage spread to north America as did *Puritanism, an anti-sexual and anti-pleasure movement in the Christian church, one of main inhibiting factors operating against the writing of open homosexual poetry besides anti-gay laws.



The seventeenth century. In the *seventeenth century the Cavalier poet *Crashaw expressed ardent love for *Jesus Christ in homoerotic terms and *Abraham Cowley in "Platonick Love" wrote that human beings were *androgynous; their fellow *Metaphysical poet *George Herbert's poetry is also relevant. The seventeenth century English poet *John Milton wrote love poems to the Italian *Charles Diodati (in Latin) but also wrote relevant poems in English; he supported freedom to write in a famous tract. The bisexual *Rochester wrote the only surviving erotic homopoetry from the *seventeenth century, as well as recording a poem showing that St James's Park, in central London, was a homosexual *meeting place. The rhymed play *Sodom has also been attributed to him, though this has not been proven. In the late seventeenth century *John Dryden, then a leading dramatist, produced a fine gay poem about a homosexual couple with allusions to the Latin poet *Vergil. *Bawdry and *broadsides survive from this time: see "The He-Strumpets" (1707).

The eighteenth century. In the *eighteenth century, gay scandals abound in British poetry (see the 1739 *College Wit Sharpened about such a scandal at Oxford university). *Satire using homosexuality appeared in quantity. *Thomas Gray seems likely gay and Gray's Elegy, probably the most famous English poem, can be read as a gay poem and probably is. *Alexander Pope was certainly sexually repressed, though whether homosexually so remains to be proven—if, as in so many cases, it ever can be proven.
The Romantic period and Victorianism. The *Romantic period from 1780 to 1820 saw the bisexual *Byron emerge as a major English poet. His fellow poet *Shelley translated *Plato's *Symposium and wrote an elegy to *John Keats who died in another man's arms in Rome. In the *Victorian period, *Tennyson's In Memoriam, 1850 (written to the poet *Arthur Hallam and first published anonymously) was assumed by The Times reviewer to have been written by a woman, an assumption also made by the monarch, Queen Victoria, when she read it.

The *Rubaiyat of *Omar Khayyam, translated into English by *Edward Fitzgerald from a Cambridge manuscript, made available in 1859 a Persian homopoet. It was widely read, though it has been erroneously heterosexualized in illustration; the text, in referring to the male cupbearer uses the non gender specific “thou” so it could pass as a heterosexual work to those unfamiliar with the homosexual Persian conventions (a strategy which was to be widely used by gay poets from this time on). The homosexual poet *Beddoes committed *suicide in exile in Switzerland at this time. The *Catholic Jesuit priest *Gerard Manley Hopkins, who strongly identified with *Walt Whitman, wrote some homoerotic poems. It seems he fell in love with the poet *Digby Dolben whose poetry is much stronger homoerotically than Hopkins and who died tragically early. The sublimated gay *Cardinal John Henry Newman also wrote poetry and is buried in a grave with his closest male friend. In this period *Swinburne wrote the first English poems directly inspired by homosexual *sado-masochism; *Henry Layng wrote sadistic poems with homosexual undertones in the century prior.

The pre-Raphaelites, such as *Dante Gabriel Rossetti, exhibited *androgyny in their poetry and the anonymous 1866 poem *Don Leon is a defence of homosexuality showing that, despite the repression of the *Victorian period, it continued to flourish. From this time gay erotic *publishers existed in London.
The Aesthetic Movement and the 1890s. *Walter Pater and French *influence heralded the advent of the *aesthetic movement in the 1880s, culminating in the *decadent movement whose best exemplar is the poet and playwright *Oscar Wilde (who was imprisoned for two years for homosexuality in 1895 and emerged from prison a broken man). Around 1881 *Count Eric Stenbock published an openly gay book of love poems and, from 1877, *Henry Spencer Ashbee published the fruits of his serious study of sexual books in English (and, incidently, European gay culture).

The *eighteen-nineties saw a dramatic increase in homosexual poetry. The first English gay *journals, *The Spirit Lamp (1892–93)—edited by Wilde's lover *Lord Alfred Douglas—and *The Chameleon (1894) appeared in this period. The poetry of the eighteen-nineties was frequently guilt ridden and religiously based. Many poets—such as *John Gray and *Lionel Johnson—went into the *Catholic Church following Cardinal Newman (who had converted from the Church of England), as did the intriguing figure of *Frederick Rolfe (who called himself Baron Corvo as well as Father Rolfe), a *pederast who died in *Venice. Oscar Wilde's Poems (1881) show he started life as an aspiring poet. His most famous poem, however, is his widely translated *Ballad of Reading Goal (1898) about his experiences in Reading prison 1895–97. He had sued Alfred Douglas's father for calling him a sodomite (that is, for libel) and lost, leading to his being charged with consorting with male prostitutes (which evidence emerged in the libel trial). The bookseller *Christopher Millard's 1914 bibliography of Wilde's works remains to this day an exemplary listing of a gay poet and writer and has set a high standard for gay bibliographies of individual writers. The mood of the period after Wilde's trial in 1895 is expressed by *A. E. Housman in A Shropshire Lad (1896), which has remained a continuously popular work, its maudlin quality appealing to repressed homosexuals.

*J. A. Symonds in A Problem in Greek Ethics published in 1883 revealed the Greek homosexual literary traditon and inaugurated the serious study of gay culture in English. *Benjamin Jowettt's translation of *Plato's dialogues, the first complete English translation from the Greek, also revealed the heritage of ancient Greek homosexuality to readers. *Havelock Ellis in Sexual Inversion (1897; revised and enlarged third edition 1915) began the serious study of gay culture overall—though the banning of this book in Great Britain denied gay cultural history to British gays, who for the next eighty years lived in ignorance of their history. (Since British copyright laws extended to fomer colonies this efffectively denied Australian, Indian, South African and New Zealand gays their history, too; the work was published freely in the United States in *Philadelphia.) *Charles Ricketts was noted for his fine bindings of poetry books, a feature of the nineties. A group of English poets, the *Uranians, who have been discussed in detail by *Timothy d'Arch Smith, wrote pederastic verse from 1890 to 1930: see, for example, *E. E. Bradford, *D. W. Cory, *J. G. Nicholson. They reveal a *pederastic and *pedophile underground which continues to this day, which has been savagely repressed on occasions.

The influence of the major United States gay poet, *Walt Whitman, becomes apparent from the 1880s on. He especially influenced *Edward Carpenter who published the first modern surviving indigenous English language anthology *Ioläus: An Anthology of *Friendship in 1902, published simultaneously in London, *Manchester, the second largest city in Great Britain, and *Boston; it has remained almost continuously in print in the United States and Great Britain and been nicknamed “the bugger’s Bible”. The rise of *socialism, a movement which shows homosexual feeling, parallels Whitman's influence.


Modernism and the twentieth century. The founders of English *modernism, *T. S. Eliot and *Ezra Pound (both born in the United States but later living in Great Britain), had a close friendship which the United States critic *Wayne Koestenbaum has argued has homoaffectional undertones. In traditional rhymed verse, the *Georgian poets had their homosexual contingent: *Siegfried Sassoon (who later married when he became a *Catholic), *Rupert Brooke (who vividly described having homosexual *anal sex in a letter) and the much admired *Wilfred Owen (who died tragically on the last day of World War I; poems of his were used as the text in the homosexual and pacifist composer Benjamin Britten’s War Requiem written to commemorate the opening of Coventry Cathedral which was destroyed by German bombs in the second World War).

*F. E. Murray in 1924 compiled the first catalog of a *bookseller and also the first separate book length *bibliography ever of gay books in English. *Roger Goodland's 1931 annotated Bibliography of Sex Rites and Customs is still a major source for homosexual poetry in cultures all over the world; the author wrote only this one book and worked on it for many years. *Surrealism was a major movememt in the 1930s extending to poetry: see *Dylan Thomas (who had a homosexual relationship with *Oswell Blakeston) and *David Gascoyne (who later married a woman). *W. H. Auden was the outstanding traditional poet of the period 1930–60 but he lived in the United States from 1939; his *long poem *The Platonic Blow (published in 1965, but written in 1948) revealed a startlingly different homosexual side while “Lay your sleeping head” widely regarded as the finest love poem in English was written to a 14 year old youth, though Auden had to employ the “you” strategy used by Fitzgerald in the Rubaiyat; his close friend *Stephen Spender wrote gay poetry in the 1930s but later married a woman.

The works of such major poets as the Welshman *David Jones and the Mercian poet *Geoffrey Hill and the *poet laureate *Ted Hughes warrant perusal. The *poet laureate *John Betjeman and the playwright *Noel Coward have both written charming and outstanding gay poems which will last. *William Plomer, though homosexual, mostly concealed it in his poetry, though clues were left for astute readers. *Ralph Chubb secretly produced his mostly awful but sometimes inspiring pederastic poetry in illustrated copies in small editions from 1924 to 1960.

After World War II a flood of *translation from such diverse languages as Arabic, Chinese, Persian and Turkish has appeared and English has the richest translation tradition of all written languages.



Gay Liberation from 1969. It was only in 1967 that male homosexuality was legalized in Britain (in private for males over 21; it was lowered to the heterosexual age of 16 only in the early years of the twenty first century). Legalization was a prelude to the *gay liberation movement which emerged in 1969. Major post war anthologies include *Eros: An Anthology of Friendship (1961), *Brian Reade's fine anthology of Victorian poems 1860–1900 *Sexual Heretics (1970) and *The Penguin Book of Homosexual Verse (1983) compiled by *Stephen Coote. The latter was the most wide ranging gay anthology in any language until the publication in 1992 of volume one of *Anthony Reid's two volume *The Eternal Flame, the most brilliant anthology of gay poems in English (when volume 2 was published the work covered over 600 poets).

In the contemporary period a major gay British poet is *James Kirkup, a poem of whose was the subject of a court case by the journal *Gay Times (when he alleged in the poem that *Jesus Christ was a homosexual). (The ensuing controversy bankrupted the paper.) James Kirkup has written a fine series of autobiographies and has lived abroad for much of his life, mainly in Japan after the Gay Times controversy. *Ivor Treby is also a major contemporary gay British poet while the outstanding *Scots poet *Edwin Morgan is only one of a number of poets in the first English and Gaelic anthology from Scotland, *And Thus Will I Freely Sing (1989). There are also fine *Irish and *Welsh gay poets writing in English.

Of recent anthologies, the anthology *Lads: Love Poetry of the Trenches (1989) is exemplary for its subtle reading of the poetry of World War One and *Language of Water, Language of Fire (1992) is an outstanding general gay anthology. Attention is being increasingly paid to individual periods such as, for the Elizabethan period (see *Alan Bray, *Gregory W. Bredbeck, *Bruce R. Smith), the *Victorian period (see *Richard Dellamora) and the *twentieth century (see *Gregory Woods). *Gay News (1972–83) was the major journal of the *gay liberation period (1969+) with outstanding poetry and literary coverage; its successor *Gay Times has good book reviews.

Fine biographies are being written— e.g., *Peter Parker's on *A. J. Ackerley and *Philip Hoare's on *Stephen Tennant, the *lover of Siegfried Sassoon. These followed the 1967 biography by *Michael Holroyd who openly discussed the homosexuality of the *Bloomsbury prose writer *Lytton Strachey (who nevertheless wrote a brilliant gay poem on an envelop to his lover *Roger Senhouse). The poet *John Fuller has published outstanding readings of the poems of *W. H. Auden many of which have esoteric meanings.



The anthology *Not Love Alone (1985) gives a good idea of contemporary British gay poetry. *Peter Daniels' *Oscars Press has also published an anthology *Take Any Train (1990) and a series of *chapbooks. Most major English language poets have been edited but works still remain in *libraries and *archives in *manuscript. The *Hall Carpenter archives is a major gay archive and library. *Aids has also made its presence felt.
The historical and social background to British English language gay poetry has been investigated by *Montgomery Hyde, *A. L. Rowse and *Jeffrey Weeks. Since 1945 especially many languages introduced to Britain by emigrants, especially from former British colonies (for instance India or countries in Africa), are spoken.
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