Connections to English Language Arts
Grades 7 and 8 |
Reading and Literature, Standards 8 and 13: Understanding an Informational/Expository Text and Nonfiction
Continue to address earlier standards as needed as they apply to more difficult texts.
Identify evidence used to support an argument.
Distinguish between the concepts of theme in a literary work and author’s purpose in an expository text.
Identify and use knowledge of common textual features (paragraphs, topic sentences, concluding sentences, introduction, conclusion, footnotes, index, bibliography).
Identify and use knowledge of common graphic features (charts, maps, diagrams).
Identify and use organizational structures (logical order, comparison and contrast, cause and effect relationships).
Identify and analyze main ideas, supporting ideas, and supporting details.
Recognize use of arguments for and against an issue
Distinguish between the concepts of theme in a literary work and author’s purpose in an expository text.
Composition, Standards 19 and 24: Writing and Research
Write reports based on research that include quotations, footnotes or endnotes, and a bibliography.
Write and justify a personal interpretation of a literary, informational, or expository reading that includes a topic statement, supporting details from the literature, and a conclusion.
Write multi-paragraph compositions that have clear topic development, logical organizations, effective use of detail, and variety in sentence structure.
Apply steps for obtaining and evaluating information and presenting research, including differentiating between primary and secondary sources; differentiating between using paraphrasing and direct quotations; documenting information in a consistent format; and using a standard bibliographic format.
| High School |
Reading and Literature, Standards 8 and 13: Understanding an Informational/Expository Text and Nonfiction
Continue to address earlier standards as needed as they apply to more difficult texts.
Analyze the logic and use of evidence in an author’s argument.
Analyze and explain the structure and elements of nonfiction works.
Analyze, explain, and evaluate how authors use the elements of nonfiction to achieve their purposes.
Composition, Standards 19 and 24: Writing and Research
Write well-organized essays that have a clear focus, logical development, effective use of detail, and variety in sentence structure.
Write well-organized research papers that prove a thesis statement using logical organization, effective supporting evidence, and variety in sentence structure.
Formulate open-ended research questions and apply steps for obtaining and evaluating information from a variety of sources, organizing information, documenting sources in a consistent and standards format, and presenting research.
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Appendix G:
Connections to Mathematics
Students frequently apply knowledge of mathematics as they study history and social science. For example, students in the elementary and middle grades use number sense and operations to understand time as expressed in calendars, decades, and centuries, and conventions of using dating systems such as BC/BCE. As they study geography, they use numbers in locating countries using latitude and longitude. In their study of economic history or civics and economics in the present, they will often encounter fractions, ratios, and percentages, and must understand how data such as voter participation rates or state or federal spending by various categories are represented in graphs and charts. In high school economics courses, students apply their knowledge of operations, algebra, and statistics and probability as they analyze economic problems in order to make predictions and decisions. As informed citizens, they need to understand the mathematical basis for markets and trade and how mathematical evidence is used in the public arena to justify arguments for or against governmental policies such increasing or decreasing taxation rates or social services.
The table below presents selected learning standards from the Massachusetts Mathematics Curriculum Framework (2000) that are particularly relevant to learning history, geography, civics, and economics. Secondary school teachers will find useful publications from the National Council on Economic Education such as Mathematics and Economics: Connections for Life, Grades 9-12 (2001) and Grades 6-8 (2002).
Pre-Kindergarten and Kindergarten |
Number Sense and Operations; Patterns, Relations and Algebra,
Count by ones to at least 20.
Match quantities of up to at least 10 with numerals and words.
Identify positions of objects in sequences (e.g., first, second) up to fifth.
Understand the concepts of whole and half.
Identify U. S. coins by name.
Count by fives and tens at least up to 50.
Geometry and Measurement
Identify positions of objects in space, and use appropriate language (e.g., beside, inside, next to, close to, above, below, apart) to describe and compare their relative positions.
Recognize and compare the attributes of length, volume/capacity, weight, area, and time using appropriate language.
Data Analysis, Statistics, and Probability
Collect, sort, organize, and draw conclusions about data using concrete objects, pictures, numbers, and graphs.
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