U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- The Rise of European Dictators Benito Mussolini
- European Entrance to WWII
- Countdown to Pearl Harbor
- December 6, 1941 2:30 AM
- World War II Mobilization
- Turning Points in the War in Europe
- Russian Turning Point Battle of Stalingrad
- Turning Points in the Pacific Battle of Coral Sea
The End of the New Deal [1937] FDR becomes concerned with deficit spending (spending more than what the government actually had) and begins to cut New Deal programs Result: The Roosevelt Recession -unemployment rises [1937] 15% [1938] 20% -industrial production decreases [1938] Harry Hopkins and other New Dealers convince FDR to restore New Deal spending -FDR resumes deficit spending -revives WPA and PWA -Farm Security Administration – low interest loans, sets up camps National Housing Act of1937 -public housing projects created Fair Labor Standards Act -creates minimum wage -bans child labor Agricultural Adjustment Act [1938] -takes money from the treasury instead of taxes (this time, is constitutional) After 1935, more opposition to FDR Midterm elections of 1938 – the Republicans gain seats in the House and Senate [Sept. 1, 1939] Germany invades Poland World War II begins The Rise of European Dictators Benito Mussolini – leader of Italy Served in WWI An ardent nationalist Rises to the rank of Corporal Feels betrayed by the Versailles Treaty and Wilson [1919] forms the fascist Party Blackshirts – WWI veterans -opposes the communists and socialists [Oct. 1922] March on Rome -40 000 Fascists march on Rome to King Victor Emmanuel III -does nothing Mussolini is named Premier of Italy and given dictatorial powers -called “Il Duce” [1930s] Italy goes to depression -Mussolini starts public works programs and begins imperialistic ventures [1935] Italy invades Ethiopia [1936] Mussolini signs Tripartite Agreement with Germany and Japan [1936] Mussolini aids Francisco Franco and the Fascists in the Spanish Civil War
Born 1889 in Austria – no real friends, no real love Parents died when he was 14 and 15 Drops out of school to be an artists – moves to Vienna, where he applies for art school but is rejected (but stays in Vienna from age 18-25) – this is where he develops anti-Semetic ideas [1913] moves to Munich, Germany [1914] When war breaks out, he joins the military -rises to Corporal -earns the Iron Cross from the war [1918] injured in a gas attack and nearly loses his sight [1919] after recovering, he joins the National Socialist Germany Worker’s Party – i.e. the Nazi Party [1923] the German economy is failing - high unemployment, high inflation - the Weimar Republic is losing control [Nov. 8-11, 1923] Beer Hall Putsch -Hitler and followers attempt to overthrow the Bouvarian Government in Munich -this is put down, and Hitler is arrested -Hitler writes Mein Kampf “My Struggle” in jail, which highlights his plans for Germany [1924] Dawes Plan in U.S. saves Germany from collapse [1929] Great Depression – [1930] Global Depression [1930] Nazis gain 107 seats in Reichstag (German Congress) [1932] Nazis gain 232 seats in Reichstag (not the majority, but is the largest minority) [Jan. 1933] Hitler is named Chancellor of Germany -renames the Weimar Republic the Third Reich [1934] President von Hindenburg dies -Hitler merges the Chancellor and the Presidency – dictator -the “Führer” of Germany – Hitler crushes all opposition [1935] in violation of the Versailles Treaty, Hitler re-arms the country Nuremburg Laws -deprives Jews of citizenship [1936] re-arms the Rhineland [March 1938] Austria is annexed [Sept. 1938] British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain gives the Sudetenland to Germany -Munich Conference – to appease Hitler [Nov. 9, 1938] Kristallnacht (Night of broken Glass) [March 1939] Germany takes Czechoslovakia [August 1939] Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact -Stalin was one of the greatest opponents to Hitler
[1931] New constitution [1936] Spanish Civil War – Fascists (led by Franco) vs. the Loyalists (supported by Popular Front) – Hemingway writes For Whom the Bell Tolls Franco is cruel in his treatment of Spanish civilians Pablo Picasso pains “Guernica” [by 1939] Franco is firmly in control of Spain The Military – Japan [1920s] the military leaders in Japan gain power – Tojo [1926] New emperor Hirohito at the age of 25 – susceptible to military will [1931] Japan invades Manchuria – Hoover sends the Hoover-Stimpson Doctrine [1935-1936] begins a massive naval buildup – violates the Washington Naval Conference [1937] Japan invades northern China – the Rape of Nanking Josef Stalin – leader of the Soviet Union [1922] Soviet Union is established with Lenin in control [1924] Lenin dies and there is a power struggle between Stalin and Leon Trotsky -Trotsky gets sick and does not attend Lenin’s funeral Stalin uses the fact that Trotsky did not attend Lenin’s funeral to push Trotsky out of power [1929] Stalin creates the Five-Year Plan - creates large state-run farms [1930s] Stalin begins “the Purges” he kills an estimated 20-30 million people FDR and Isolationism Authors in the 1920s begin speaking out and writing about the role of businesses and bankers in the U.S. entrance to WWI Ex) Merchants of Death, One Hell of a Business Gerald Nye (senator from North Dakota) -calls for a committee to examine the role that businesses play in the U.S. entrance to WWI Nye Committee – conclude that it was for business benefits -Leads to a greater isolationist feeling in the U.S. Ludlow Amendment called for a national referendum before the U.S. could declare war this marked the high point of isolationism FDR’s Policies [1933] recognized the Soviet Union [1930s] Filipino independence is agreed upon (1946) Good Neighbor Policy – FDR’s policy towards Latin America contrary to TR’s Big Stick Policy pulls Marines out of Dominican Republic and Haiti gives Panama greater control over the canal U.S. supports Batista’s overthrow of the Cuban government but does not sent troops The U.S. and Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1935 -once the president acknowledges that countries are at war, the U.S. is prohibited from: -selling war supplies to belligerent nations -selling on belligerent nations’ ships
Neutrality Act of 1937 -prohibits extension of loans to belligerents -prohibits the transportation of any commodity to belligerents -Belligerents cannot use American ports The U.S. is aiding aggressor nations with the Neutrality Acts. After 1937, these policies start to change. [1938] FDR asks Congress for $300 million military appropriation -he also increases army air corps production [1939] FDR asks for a $1.3 billion defense budget [Nov. 1939] Neutrality Act of 1939 “Cash and Carry” -European democracies could trade with the U.S. if they pay cash and take the goods themselves – supposed to aid Great Britain and France [1940] Peacetime draft in the U.S. -calls for 1.2 million soldiers and 800 000 volunteers -in case war breaks out, FDR wanted the U.S. to be ready [1940] “Destroyers for Bases” -Deal between Great Britain and the U.S. -gave Great Britain 50 destroyers in exchange for rights to build military bases on Great Britain’s possessions [March 1941] Lend-Lease Act -allowed U.S. to lend/lease war supplies to any nation that helps in the defense of the U.S. [June 1941] extended to the Soviet Union Germany violated the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact [Aug. 1941] Atlantic Charter -meeting between FDR and Churchill in a warship off the coast of Newfoundland -agree on eight goals for the war European Entrance to WWII [1935] Italy invades Ethiopia [1935] Germany re-arms [1936] Germany re-arms the Rhineland (buffer zone between France and Germany) [1936-1939] Spanish Civil War -Franco is aided by Hitler and Mussolini -Hitler wants to test his new military [March 1938] Germany annexed Austria [Sept 1938] Munich Conference – British Prime Minister Chamberlain gives Sudetenland to Hitler [March 1939] Hitler invades Czechoslovakia [Aug 1939] Hitler and Stalin sign the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact [Sept 1, 1939] Hitler invades Poland with Soviet Union [Sept 3, 1939] Great Britain and France declare war on Germany -couldn’t do anything to help Poland – falls in three weeks [Oct 1939-March 1940] The Phony War -after invasion of Poland, nothing much else happens -Why? Hitler is positioning [April 1940] Germany takes Denmark and Norway [May 1940] Germany invades the Netherlands and Belgium [May 26-June 4, 1940] evacuation of Allied forces at Dunkirk -coastal French town -300 000 Allied soldiers are evacuated to Great Britain -Hitler’s first mistake -he should have crushed the Allies before they evacuate, but he does not -he wanted to show off his Air Force *Hitler uses blitzkrieg “lightning war” – very quick [June 5, 1940] Germany invades France -by the 15th, Paris falls -by the 22nd, France falls to Germany Hitler sets up a puppet government – the Vichy Government [July 1940] Battle of Britain begins – lasts for four months -Hitler attempts to bomb Great Britain into surrender -ultimately, is unsuccessful- convinces Hitler to NOT invade Great Britain [May 1941] Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) take Greece and Yugoslavia [June 22nd, 1941] Hitler violates the Non-Aggression Pact – invades Soviet Union -Push the Soviet Union back to Moscow at end of 1941 – but slows down Because of this, U.S. extends the Lend-Lease Act to Soviet Union [July 1941] FDR begins to convoy -take ships with supplies and send them to Great Britain [Oct 1941] Germany sinks two U.S. ships [by end of 1941] Axis Powers have almost total control over Europe Great Britain is the lone Allied power in Europe
[July 1941] Japan invades French Indochina -FDR freezes Japanese assets in the U.S. and cuts off all trade to Japan -Japan was receiving scrap metal and oil [Nov. 7, 1941] U.S. intercepts a message from Japan which discusses a secret attack on the U.S. [Nov 17-Dec. 7 1941] Japanese diplomats meet in Washington D.C. with U.S. officials in an attempt to end the trade embargo December 6, 1941 2:30 AM U.S. intercepts a message to the Japanese negotiators instructing them to break off negotiations The Japanese consulate in D.C. begin burning their papers – this is a ritual signaling war
Japanese carriers are 490 miles North of Oahu 2:00 PM U.S. FBI picks up a suspicious call from a dentist’s wife and a newspaper reporter -the call is about the number of sellers and ships at Pearl Harbor -the FBI does nothing 10:30 PM Two Japanese midget subs are sent to Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941 1:50 AM U.S. minesweeper spots a periscope in the waters near Pearl Harbor but does not report it 6:10 AM the first Japanese planes take off 6:25 AM There are 183 planes in the air 6:45 AM A U.S. destroyer sinks one of the Japanese midget subs 7:00 AM A radio operator locates 50 planes on his radar – reports this to his commanding officer, who assumes they were U.S. B-17s – he is wrong – they are Japanese planes 7:15 AM A second wave of Japanese planes takes off There are now 350 planes on their way to Pearl Harbor
Admiral Kimmel receives the report of the sinking of the midget submarine 7:49 AM Japanese pilots call “Tora, tora, tora” (code – complete secrecy achieved) and the attack begins The battle lasts for 1 hour and 50 minutes The Japanese wipe out the Pacific battleship fleet 200 U.S. planes destroyed 2400 Americans killed, including 1103 on the U.S.S. Arizona Yamamoto – architect of Pearl Harbor – “What I have achieved is less than a grand slam” Japanese mistakes the three aircraft carriers were not in port at the time missed the repair docks missed the fuel storage tanks missed the report docks a Failure – they have “wakened the sleeping Giant” [Dec. 8, 1941] FDR asks for a declaration of war Passes 388:1 [Dec. 11, 1941] Germany and Italy declare war on the U.S. -Hitler’s Third Mistake – U.S. might not have declared war on Germany (his second mistake was invading the Soviet Union) World War II Mobilization Pearl Harbor galvanizes the country – not like WWI – outcry against Japan Decision? Hitler first. Early situation of war is bad for the Allies Losing Battle of Atlantic Hitler advancing in USSR and North Africa Japan advancing in the Pacific Is the U.S. ready? Not really, but is better than WWI Mobilization – need to mobilize industry, finances, workers, and soldiers War Powers Act – gives powers to president to create hundreds of regulatory agencies OWM (Office of War Mobilization) – headed by James Byrnes -oversees War Board and committees OPA (Office of Price Administration) – freeze wages and prices WPB (War Production Board) – regulates industry and allocates resources -halts consumer productions (ex. Instead of cars – build tanks, planes, etc.) -create cooperation, not competition NWLB (National War Labor Board) – regulates management and worker relations OSS (Office of Strategy Services) – forerunner of the CIA OWI (Office of War Information) – censorship OSRD (Office of Scientific Research and Development) – technological progresses -synthetic rubber, penicillin Army, Navy, Army Air Corps, Marines -10 million drafted, 5 million volunteer – total 15 million serve in WWII Mobilization ends the Great Depression
Over 40 billion bullets produced 76 000 ships, 86 000 tanks, 300 000 planes, 2.6 million machine guns heightened food production, almost zero unemployment – 1.4% unemployment food rationing Smith-Connally Act -gives government control over striking industry – can order them back to work Per Capita income increases from $573 to $1074 -buying war bonds = contributing to the war effort The War in Europe Situation in 1942 Russia – German forces are attacking Leningrad, Moscow, and Stalingrad -starting to collapse Stalin is pressuring the Allies to open a second front
[1940] Italy invades Northern Africa – soon taken over by the Germans -by General Romwell “Desert Fox” and German Africa Corps -going toward the Suez Canal -if the Middle East is accessed, means OIL to the Axis
Hitler controls almost all of mainland Europe Hitler also controls the Atlantic Ocean and is decimating Allied shipping
[Oct. 1942] North Africa British general Bernard Montgomery defeats German general Romwell and forces at El Alamein
halts the German advance saves the Suez Canal turns the Germans back [Nov. 1942] Operation Torch -First Allied invasion -Invasion of North Africa U.S. forces are led by General “Ike” Eisenhower -gains experience for U.S. troops -helps push Germans back into Tunisia [May 1943] 2066 Germans surrender [Jan 1943] Casablanca Conference FDR and Churchill decide Sicily and Italy will be the next invasion points Decide on unconditional surrender of the Axis Powers [July 1943] Allied invasion of Sicily Mussolini is disposed of by the Italians German forces are sent into Italy General Patton becomes famous [Sept 1943] Operation Avalanche Allied invasion of Italy Allies slowly take Italy [by June 4, 1944] Allies take Rome; two days later, Normandy Russian Turning Point Battle of Stalingrad [winter 1942-Feb 1943] Germans surrender 100 000 (alive) to the Russians Begins a counteroffensive that will never be stopped The Atlantic Turning Point -technology and tactics Sonar – underwater detection Convoy system – safety in numbers of ships Air bombardment of U-boat yards/storage areas Strategy and tactics – turn off the lights on the East Coast to evade enemy attacks -also begin building more ships than they lose [1943] the Allies retake control of the Atlantic [Dec 1943] Tehran Conference
First meeting of the Big Three – Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill They arrange the invasion of Europe Plans for the postwar Germany occupation Agree the soviet Union will enter the war against Japan 6 months after the Germans are defeated [June 1944] Operation Overlord Calls for Allied invasion of Normandy and France Invasion led by Eisenhower and soldiers from the U.S., Great Britain, and the Canadians 3.5 million soldiers are waiting in Great Britain for an attack upon Europe [June 6, 1944] D-Day soldiers must face German fortifications (the Atlantic Wall) on the beaches of Normandy 150 000 soldiers take part in the attack – it is a slow attack, but ultimately, it is successful One week after, there are 326 000 Allied troops in Europe [by July 24, 1944] One million Allied troops are in Europe [by Sept 24, 1944] Two million Allied troops are in Europe [Aug. 25, 1944] Allies liberate Paris [Oct 1944] Allies liberate Belgium and the Netherlands Soviets pushed Germans back into Poland and Germany [Dec. 16, 1944] last German offensive – Battle of the Bulge 200 000 German soldiers take part – surround U.S. forces at Bastogne U.S. forces are eventually able to defeat German forces by the end of January 1945 About 120 000 Germans are killed Beginning of the end for Germany [Feb. 1945] Yalta Conference – last meeting of the Big Three Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan after Germany is officially defeated Outline the plans for a meeting of the United Nations to take place in 1945 in San Francisco The Soviet Union is given land in Manchuria – appeases Stalin, and Stalin drops calls for reparations from Germany Agree upon free elections in Eastern Europe (does not happen) Agree to occupy and divide Germany after the war Agree to move Poland’s borders inwards The War in the Pacific [Dec 7 1941] Pearl Harbor The Japanese miss aircraft carriers, submarine bases, oil reserves – not successful Japan also captures Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, Dutch East Indies, and the Philippines. [Spring 1942] Doolittle raids -U.S. attack upon mainland Japan – a moral victory -it is a tactical failure
Battle of Coral Sea [May 1942] Ends in a draw (U.S. lost an aircraft carrier) Halts the Japanese advance on Australia Battle of Midway [June 1942] Exclusive naval battle – Japan is attacking Midway Island -if they take the base, they can attack the U.S. -Midway Island is 1000 miles from Hawaii U.S. Navy, led by Admiral Nimitz -sink 4 Japanese aircraft carriers (essentially floating bases) -Halts the Japanese offensive and puts them on the defense Battle of Guadalcanal [August 1942] -first Allied offensive in the Pacific – lasts six months [Feb 1943] Japan evacuated forces from the island 1700 U.S. soldiers killed 20 000 Japanese killed believed in the Bashido Code rather suicide than be captured by the enemy [May 1943] Philippines fall to Japan MacArthur flees, promising “I shall return” -the remaining captured U.S. soldiers are placed on a death march to Batan U.S. develops a policy – “Island-Hopping” in the Pacific only attack the most strategic islands bypass other islands idea was that the islands that were not attacked would be cut off from supplies and be forced to surrender Douglas MacArthur Starts with New Guinea [1943-1944] Returns to Philippines [Oct 1944] – by March 1945, recaptures Manila Admiral Nimitz [Aug 1943] Attu and Kiska [Nov 1943] Tarawa [Feb 1944] Marshall Islands [Aug 1944] Marianas – at Battle of Saipan -allows for around-the-clock bombing of mainland Japan [Feb-Mar 1945] Battle of Iwo Jima -flag-raising on Mount Sarabachi (six Marines) ~20 000 Japanese soldiers are killed – only 216 captured ~4000 U.S. soldiers killed [Apr-June 1945] Battle of Okinawa – bloodiest battle in Pacific ~110 000 Japanese are killed ~13 000 U.S. soldiers killed – 30 000 injured Of the Japanese civilian population – 80 000 killed -U.S. is at the doorstep to mainland Japan Mainland Japan is the next step for the Allies -but if casualties in island-hopping were so high, how about the mainland? -predicted U.S. casualties – one million Is there an alternative? – the Atomic Bomb Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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