U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Ike’s Failures Accomplishments in the Cold War
- Ike and Domestic Policies
- John Fitzgerald Kennedy
- Election of 1960 Democrats
- JFK’s Domestic Policy “The New Frontier”
- Flexible Response in Action
Ike and Vietnam Truman sent money to help the French in Vietnam -Communists are fighting the French, led by Ho Chi Minh [1954] French defeat at Diem Bien Phu -a cease-fire is announced Geneva convention for the armistice – Vietnam is split at the 17th parallel [1956] U.S. refuses to allow the elections to take place -the CIA funds and supports the S. Vietnam gov’t of Ngo Dinh Diem -Catholic (a negative – most Vietnamese are Buddhist) -schooled in U.S. -Pro-West Opposition grows against Diem [1960] National Liberation Front forms in S. Vietnam Viet Cong – oppose the Pro-West government Ike sends only money and some advisors to Vietnam – no troops
[1954] Gaural Abdel Nasser takes control over Egypt U.S. offers a loan to build a dam in Egypt Nasser declares his neutrality in Cold War – then buys arms from Czechoslovakia – behind the iron curtain Dulles cancels the loan Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal – angers Britain [1956] Great Britain, France, and Israel invade Egypt Ike is extremely angry about this and condemns the invasion Goes before the U.N. and names the three as aggressor nations Why? Because the Soviets threaten to get involved, and also because Ike was not informed of it [March 1957] All three countries pull out of Egypt Significance -the U.S. is forced to act as the protector of Western interests in the Middle East Ike passes the Eisenhower Doctrine -U.S. will give money, military aid and troops to any Middle-Eastern country fighting communists -Hatred of the West and the U.S. increases at the time [1958] 14,000 U.S. soldiers sent to Lebanon Ike and South America [1958] Nixon is sent to Peru and Venezuela -is promptly spit upon and had stones thrown at him [1959] Fidel Castro overthrows Batista in Cuba and brings communism to the country Ike & the Soviet Union [1958] Nixon visits the Soviet Union – the Kitchen Debate with Khrushchev [1959] Khrushchev visits the U.S.
visits Camp David (a presidential retreat in Maryland) – “spirit of Camp David” agrees to meet again in Paris in 1960 – never happens The U-2 Incident on the eve of the conference… the Soviets shoot down a U.S. U-2 spy plane in Soviet airspace reveals that the U.S. has been spying on the Soviets since 1956 Ike claims it was a weather plane that flew off course Khrushchev has the pilot (does not commit suicide as he’s supposed to) -puts him, Gary Powers, on TV, who admits to spying on the Soviet Union Ike admits that the U.S. is spying, but he refuses to apologize -They cancel the 1960 Paris conference The Cold War returns at full force Ike’s Farewell Warns against a number of things warns the U.S. economy is too dependent on military spending the military-industrial complex is too powerful warns that he cannot guarantee that peace will continue with the Soviet Union Ike’s Failures & Accomplishments in the Cold War Accomplishments ends the Korean War kept U.S. out of war claims there are no troops in Vietnam halts atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons promotes better relations with the Soviet Union Failures accelerates the arms race allows the CIA to run amok around the globe continues to keep the U.S. involved in Vietnam Ike and Domestic Policies Ike is elected in 1952 – first Republican in office since Hoover -more of a manager than a true leader -there are 8 corporate executives on his cabinet -wanted at first to remain “in the middle” regarding politics – reflective in his first term
reduces farm price subsidies cut government power wants to balance the budget – cut federal spending – successful in three out of eight times development of nuclear and hydroelectric companies – private ownership does not like public energy gives oil reserves back to the coastal states [1954] Democrats take control over both houses of Congress Ike becomes more liberal – modern Republicanism works to appease labor vetoes a bill to get rid of the Council of Economic Advisors increases unemployment benefits increases the minimum wage from $0.75 to $1.00 per hour increases social security benefits increases federally-funded public housing projects for low-income families increases public works projects St. Lawrence Seaway connects Great Lakes to the Atlantic Interstate Highway Act of 1956 The largest and most expensive Creates 41,000 miles of highways in U.S. Significance: Increases growth of suburbia Increases the dependency on the automobile Increases dependency on oil Decrease in use of RR Decay of the inner cities Increase in pollution Election of 1956 Eisenhower easily defeats Adlai Stevenson again. The Supreme Court [1953] Earl Warren becomes Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (supposedly conservative, but becomes very liberal) -changes the Supreme Court into a liberal court [1954] Brown vs. Board of Education (of Topeka, KA) -the Supreme Court rules that “separate but equal” in public schools is illegal [1955] Supreme Court orders the desegregation of all public schools Eisenhower enforces desegregation in D.C. but does not enforce it in the South -does not want to lose Southern support [1956] the deep South has not desegregated [1957] 9 African-American students attempt to enter Little Rock Central High School in Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus refuses to allow the students to enter – calls the National Guard to prevent this from happening Ike calls in the 101st Airborne and forces the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School [1958-1959] Faubus closes all public schools in Little Rock -brings the issue of civil rights to the forefront of American attention [1957] Civil Rights Act of 1957 -first civil rights act since Reconstruction -not very powerful, but it is a start [1955] Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat in a bus in Montgomery, AL
she is arrested – begins the Montgomery Bus boycott lasts for a year, and it is extremely successful Montgomery agrees to desegregate their buses Companies are losing a lot of money Martin Luther King Jr. -direct action (everyone can get involved) -nonviolence (from Gandhi) -Christian ideals [1957] forms the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) [1957] Soviet Union launches the first man-made satellite – “Sputnik” -U.S. fears that it has fallen behind in technology – this is true Consequences: the National Defense Education Act is passed Emphasizes science, math, foreign languages National Aeronautic Space Administration (NASA) [1958] -both are created to catch up in the Cold War -begins a space race Eisenhower
Expands New Deal ideology Partial segregation Keeps U.S. in the middle of the road But could have done more about civil rights Linked the Cold War with education The Affluent Society [1950s] (white middle-class men) U.S. Families 60% own a home 75% own a car 87% own at least one TV GNP increase 50% (Gross National Product) increased consumerism increased productivity government is spending Average American worker enjoys the highest standard of living ever -increased wages 35% from 1945-1960 (real wages) New Industry first nuclear power plant [1957] more chemicals are produced plastics are produced increased use of electronic products automation – machines doing the work (i.e. car industry) Increases productivity Makes products cheaper increased use of oil increase in airplane manufacturing computers – computers were huge and filled rooms people did not have computers (too expensive, too large) only used by the government or businesses first computer, the Mark I (designed by IBM and Harvard professors) used to crack codes in WWII oligopolies – a few companies control the entire industry ex. Automobile companies ex. Television stations (CBS, NBC, ABC) Labor white-collar workers/vice presidents in charge, but do not have a direct hold conformity was encouraged at businesses organized labor decreases from 36% to 31% [from 1953-1960] AF of L and CIO combine in 1955 to form one large union Less people were taking blue-collar jobs Less of a need for unions as conditions get better Agriculture More use of science, technology, chemicals and mechanization Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring [1962] -highlights the dangers of chemical use Numbers of farmers decrease – leaving the farms With new technology, don’t need as much farmers Farms consolidate acreage Family Life Baby Boom – 1945-1960 babies are the Baby Boom Generation After WWII – soldiers come back after years at war Soldiers had put lives on hold – want to start families Fertility Rates [1940] 80 children to every 1000 women [1950] 106 children to every 1000 women [1957] 123 children to every 1000 women Less children are dying in infancy – vaccinations, penicillin Increased life expectancy Expansion of the educational system in the U.S. More studies are done on child-raising Dr. Benjamin Spock [1940s] Baby and Child Care -advocates the comforting and holding of children when they cry -less punishments, more conversation Full-time motherhood is expected Suburbia Levitt-towns – developed by William Levitt, who brought the assembly line to housing Build houses quickly Build more houses “Cookie-cutter homes” - all look the same - conformity – “Keeping up with the Jones’s” First Levitt-town is built in Long Island, the second in Pennsylvania Entertainment The Art World -the capital of the art world moves from Paris to NYC -Jackson Pollock Movies – decrease in viewership due to television TV Guide, TV dinners, TV trays – ABC, CBS, NBC -family shows were the dominant genre – advocated stereotypes and conformity Music
-Rock & Roll is the most popular music genre (Elvis Presley) -backlash of conformity – teenagers, Beatniks, Jet Caraway John Fitzgerald Kennedy Born in 1917 in MA to a wealthy family Father – Joseph D. Kennedy – Pre-WWII Isolationist -shipping magnate -liquor industry -real estate
Athletic Harvard graduate – wrote a thesis in his senior year Why England Slept [1940] Real WWII hero – PT109 – saved many lives -Profiles and Courage – wins a Pulitzer [1947] elected to the House from MA [1952] elected as U.S. senator married to Jackie Bouvier Roman Catholic Handsome and charismatic 42 years old when nominated for the presidency Election of 1960
Nixon has the overwhelming edge …until he agrees to four televised debates pales in comparison to JFK’s good looks leads to Nixon’s defeat shows the importance of television and the influence of TV JFK wins by a narrow margin of 303 to 219 electoral votes JFK’s Domestic Policy “The New Frontier” Inaugural address – “ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country” – speaking to the U.S. youth This new generation is reflected in:
his family – “Camelot” his Cabinet – “the Best and the Brainiest” McGeorge Bundy Robert McManora – Secretary of Defense Walter Weller – Council of Economic Advisors Robert Kennedy – Attorney General Domestic Policies Cut taxes to businesses -promotes spending and investments -despite this, businesses were skeptical with JFK, especially after he gets involved with U.S. Steel Increase defense spending 20% increase in the defense budget increase in the number of Inter-Continental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM) increase in medium-range missiles increase in nuclear stockpile increase in submarines with nuclear attack capabilities increase in special forces (i.e. Green Beret) Increase in spending on the Space Program -challenges the U.S. to place a man on the moon and return him safely by the end of the decade Successes Doubles economic growth Unemployment decreases Inflation kept at 1.3% per year No interruption in economy Failures No redistribution of wealth Corporate profits increase more than personal income No increase in social welfare He neglects the environment JFK and Civil Rights -first year and a half, JFK does little to promote civil rights [1961] Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Lead freedom rides to the South to highlight violations of desegregation in public transportation CORE is met with violence JFK sends federal troops to protect the freedom riders -also to forcibly desegregate the University of Mississippi -James Meredith is allowed to enroll [June 1963] Governor of AL, George Wallace -tries to keep the University of Alabama segregated [June 11, 1963] JFK goes on TV – calls for desegregation in the U.S. [June 18, 1963] JFK proposes civil rights legislation to Congress [Aug. 28, 1963] March on Washington 275,000 show support for civil rights legislation Martin Luther King Jr. - “I Have a Dream” speech Congress is still holding back – until JFK is assassinated in Nov. 1963 JFK & Flexible Response Flexible Response – having multiple ideas and strategies to deal with foreign crises Triples nuclear capabilities Increase conventional military forces Increase the use of special forces Economic assistance to Third World Countries -keep communism out of these countries Food for Peace program – gives surplus food Alliance for Progress - $ to Third World countries Peace Corps – young volunteers go and work in Third World Countries Flexible Response in Action The Bay of Pigs Invasion [Apr. 17, 1961] 1200 Cuban exiles who were trained by the CIA invade Cuba -absolute failure -drives Castro closer to the Soviet Union the CIA will attempt several times to assassinate Castro, but all attempts fail Berlin [June 1961] JFK and Khrushchev meet for the first time Khrushchev demands that Americans troops leave West Berlin -or else, the Soviet Union will go to war JFK refuses and begins to prepare for war [Aug. 1961] Khrushchev backs down from his threat
Builds the Berlin Wall to separate East and West Berlin Becomes the symbol of the Cold War for the next 30 years The Cuban Missile Crisis [Oct 1962] U.S. U-2 spy plane takes photographs over Cuba of the Soviet Union building missile sites and nuclear missiles in Cuba JFK goes on TV and demands that the Soviet Union remove the missiles and missile bases – also orders a quarantine around Cuba, a naval blockade However, the Soviet Union ships are heading for Cuba U.S. is preparing for an invasion of Cuba B-52’s are in use 180 U.S. war ships are in the Caribbean [Oct. 25, 1962] Soviet Union halts their ships JFK receives an emotional, rambling letter from Khrushchev proposing the Soviet Union will remove missiles from Cuba if the U.S. pledges not to invade Cuba A U.S. U-2 spy plane is shot down over Cuba JFK receives a second letter from Khrushchev that is more demanding and orders the U.S. to remove missiles from Turkey RFK (Robert F. Kennedy) convinces JFK to accept the first letter and ignore the second letter [Oct. 27, 1962] Khrushchev accepts the offer and begins to remove missiles from Cuba -Relations between the Soviet Union and the U.S. improve A hot line is established between Washington D.C. and Kremlin Limited Test Ban Treaty – ban underwater and atmospheric nuclear tests Vietnam JFK continues to carry on the policies of Ike -increases military aid in S. Vietnam -increases military personnel (1700 to 16000) in S. Vietnam Ngo Din Diem fails to win the support of the S. Vietnamese people JFK and U.S. decide not to stop a S. Vietnamese coup from overthrowing Diem [Nov. 1, 1963] Diem is assassinated JFK Assassination [Nov. 1963] JFK is looking ahead to the 1964 Election – wants to rebuild his image [Nov. 22, 1963] JFK, Jackie, LBJ, Lady Bird go to Dallas TX for a motorcade
-LBJ follows in a car behind 12:30 pm – Three shots ring out from book depository “magic bullet” – more than one shooter? 1st shot – misses, hits overpass 2nd shot – hits JFK in the back – passes out through neck and into Gov. Conally’s back and out into the right wrist (after, turn from ribs? Out of chest) 3rd shot – hits JFK in left skull – blows out right skull (explodes into millions of pieces)
JFK taken to hospital (through dead at the scene of the third shot) Pronounced dead one hour later LBJ brought to Air Force One to be sworn in Later that day – Dallas police arrest Lee Harvey Oswald as suspect for killing JFK JFK’s body is placed on Air Force One and LBJ takes oath of office with Jackie standing next to him (in a pink dress with bloodstains) [Nov. 24, 1963] Sunday – Funeral Procession 11:30 am – Lee Harvey Oswald is shot and killed by Jack Ruby while being transferred to another prison, one bullet in the chest, caught on national TV [Nov. 25, 1963] Monday – JFK’s Funeral
Laid to rest at Arlington National Cemetery and the eternal flame is lit Famous: JFK Jr. saluting his father’s casket (later killed in a place crash) Warren Commission LBJ sets up the commission to investigate JFK’s assassination People believe that Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone Concludes that Oswald acted alone and that Ruby also acted alone There is still disbelief Many groups (ex. CIA, FBI) dislike JFK Does not put conspiracy theories to rest Head : Chief Justice Carl Warren Many months of investigation (not well) – Zeproder Film Lyndon Baines Johnson Born in 1908 in Texas, a troubled child [1927] goes to a teacher’s college – gets interested in politics [1937-1939] enters the House of Representatives [1949-1961] U.S. Senator from Texas [1961-1963] Vice President has a great deal of political experience – well-connected in D.C. Protestant Considered a moderate Very convincing When LBJ takes over, he faces a very difficult task of taking JFK’s position -decides to finish JFK’s unfulfilled visions [Feb. 1964] Tax Cut $10 billion income tax cut – promotes spending - decrease in unemployment Civil Rights Legislation – [1964] Civil Rights Act Outlaws segregation in public accommodations Gives government more power to help African-Americans to register to vote Gives government power to end segregation in schools Creates Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) – makes sure companies are not discriminating War on Poverty The Other America by Michael Harrington – influences JFK, LBJ -1/5 to 1/4 of U.S. is living in poverty VISTA – domestic version of the Peace Corps Project Headstart – pre-kindergarten for disadvantaged families Job Corps – everyday skills to young adults Community Action programs – designed to get people involved in politics Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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