U. S. History I the Shaping of North America
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- Battle of Antietam Battle of Gettysburg
- First Battle of Bull Run
- Battle of the Iron-sides
- Fredericksburg, VA
- Re-election for Lincoln
- Lincoln George McClellan
- African-Americans in the Civil War
- Realities of Reconstruction
- Ulysses S. Grant Horatio Seymour
- Reconstruction continues throughout Grant’s presidency
- Grant’s Administration
- Rutherford B. Hayes Samuel Tilden
- After Hayes is sworn in
- Recapping Reconstruction
- The Gilded Age (of Politics)
- The Gilded Age Presidents “the Forgettable Presidents” Ulysses S. Grant
- James Garfield Winfield Hancock
- James G. Blaine Grover Cleveland
Civil War  
Battle of Antietam Battle of Gettysburg Major Events of the Civil War
Outlines the South (doing well in the beginning, reach a plateau, and then they start to lose) First Battle of Bull Run [July 21, 1861] Manassas Junction, VA Union expected this to be a very short war – only expected this battle influential people come and watch Confederates start to retreat, but Stonewall Jackson tries to rally the Confederates results in a Confederate victory Significance: proves this will not be a short war Battle of the Iron-sides [Monitor vs. Merrimac (VA)] iron-plated ships – [March 1862] five days results in a draw Significance: changes naval warfare – no more wooden ships Capture of New Orleans – by David Farrogut [April 1862] Peninsula Campaign – Confederate victory Second Battle of Bull Run – Confederate victory Battle of Antietam – First battle fought on the Union side [September 17, 1862] Antietam Creek, MD bloodiest day of the Civil War battle ends in a draw – 23 000 casualties political victory for the Union Great Britain decides not to interfere Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation -states that slaves in “areas of rebellion” (Confederacy) are free -does not anger the Border States -Confederacy does not listen
Fredericksburg, VA [December 1862] – Confederate victory Chancellorsville, VA [May 1863] Confederate victory, but Stonewall Jackson was killed Jackson was killed by his own men, who mistook him to be a Union soldier Battle of Gettysburg [July 1-3, 1863] (PA) goes back and forth for three days on the third day, Confederate general George Pickett leads an unsuccessful charge at Union lines – “Pickett’s Charge” – battle ends Significance: marks beginning of the end for the Confederacy Battle of Vicksburg [July 4, 1863] Gives Union control of the Mississippi River Named Ulysses Simpson Grant head of the Union Army -believed in “total war” -did not believe in defeat -actually fought in battles
“March to the Sea” [1864 November – 1865 April] William T. Sherman leads it Total destruction through his path Re-election for Lincoln [November 1864] Capture of Richmond [April 13, 1865] Appomattox Courthouse [April 9, 1865] (not a battle) Grant and the Union Army corner Lee at Appomattox, VA Lee surrenders everything to Grant Significance: marks the end of the Civil War Election of 1864 North Democrats – split War Democrats – supported Lincoln Peace Democrats – did not support Lincoln -Copperheads were the extreme faction of the Peace Democrats -led by Clement L. Valandingham -dropped in the Confederacy Republicans – Lincoln
African-Americans in the Civil War following the Emancipation Proclamation, Africans were accepted into the Union army 216 000 African Americans join the Union military 54th Massachusetts 22 win the Medal of Honor paid less, treated as laborers, forced to fight in segregation Women in the Civil War Clara Barton – Union nurse – founded the Red Cross Harriet Tubman – Underground Railroad and Union spy Dorothea Dix – superintendent of Union nurses Foreign Problems Trent Affair -Union arrests two Confederate officials on board a British ship -“Alabama” – British built ship panned by the British subjects offered by: -sinking 64 Union ships
Irish-Americans – on several occasions a small group of green aimed to attack the Union France in 1863 -France installs Maximillian on the throne of Mexico -at end of war, Union threatens France -France pulls support, and in 1867, Maximillian is killed
600 000 Americans were killed during war 400 000 are wounded -Union – 400 000 die -Confederation – 200 000 killed Nation loses an entire generation Civil money cost approximately $15 billion South is destroyed The infrastructure will have to be rebuilt There are two positives- Democracy survives Slavery is ended forever in the U.S. Reconstruction -Rebuilding and reforming of the country after the Civil War Rebuild parts of the South What do we do with the former slaves? Jobs for soldiers Convert factories back to a peacetime economy How do we deal with the South? Punish or forgive? Who decides the course of Reconstruction? The President, Congress, the people? *Antebellum – pre-Civil War* Lincoln -forgive the South Radical Republicans -punish the South -led by Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner
Lincoln’s Plan Johnson’s Plan Congress’ Plan Military Reconstruction Lincoln’s Plan [began in 1863] 10% Plan – after 10% of a state’s population took an oath of allegiance, that state could be readmitted to the Union Southern States had to abide by the 13th Amendment [1865-abolished slavery]
50% had to take an oath of allegiance Stronger requirements for the registration of the 13th Amendment
[April 15, 1865] 7:22 AM Lincoln dies John Wilkes Booth was eventually captured and killed by federal troops
served as a type of welfare agency for former slaves provide clothing, temporary shelter and try to locate jobs have some success – but are plagued by some problems What was most successful? – EDUCATION – taught over 200 000 former slaves to read and write Johnson’s Plan (by Andrew Johnson) -wartime governor of Tennessee -semi-literate -racist
-forgiving to the South for the wrong reasons (from the South himself) 10% Plan pardons Confederate office holders Southern states are forced to nullify the acts of secession Have to ratify the 13th Amendment (abolish slavery) Repudiate Confederate debts -the South take advantage of Johnson What happens? The Southern States pass “Black codes,” intended to keep the African Americans under slavery
Barred African-Americans from serving on a jury Barred African-Americans from renting land African-Americans could be punished for idleness This forces African-Americans into certain jobs (like working on farms) Result:
Sharecropping Another form of slavery African-Americans work on Southern farms and work for part of the profits African-Americans are liable for debts By December 1865, Johnson announces that all Southern states are back in the Union -the Southern states send representatives to D.C. -many of the representatives are former Confederate officers and generals Congress closes the door on these men and takes over Reconstruction Congress’s Plan [1866] Civil Rights Bill – 14th Amendment Full civil rights for African-Americans Can reduce representatives in Congress if their state blocks African-Americans from voting Disqualifies Confederate office holders from taking office Repudiate Confederate debts the 10% Plan What happens? Johnson encourages the Southern states to vote against the 14th Amendment The Freedman’s Bureau is extended even though Johnson tried to veto the bill We see a break between Republicans and Radical Republicans over the best way of Reconstruction Congressional Elections [1866] -Republicans made up 2/3 majorities in both houses Military Reconstruction [1867] -divides the South into five military districts -in each, is led by a Union general and controlled by Union soldiers -punishment to the South -had to ratify the 14th Amendment -had to grant and ratify the 15th Amendment (gives African Americans the right to vote) What happens? Reconstruction of the South is completed by the sword (force) Realities of Reconstruction in many Southern states (AL, FL, MS, SC, LA), African-Americans make up the majority, but do not hold the majority in office Corruption Carpetbagger – a term used to describe a Northerner who comes to the South after the Civil War, looking for political power Scalawag – a term used to describe a Southerner who supported the Union during the Civil War Reform establishment of adequate schools improved tax system public works programs property rights are guaranteed to women 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments -all are designed to protect African-Americans Formation of Southern “Radical” Groups -oppose equal rights for African Americans -Ku Klux Klan-forms in 1866 -terrorized African Americans in the South -finally brought under control when Congress passes the Force Acts in 1870 and 1871, but they continue to meet and terrorize African Americans -try to keep African Americans from voting
many African-Americans are restricted from voting -poll taxes -literacy test -Grandfather clause Andrew Johnson is openly against Congress and their Reconstruction plans [1867] Congress passes the Tenure of Office Act -makes it illegal for the president to replace an appointed official who was confirmed by Congress [1868] Johnson fires his Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton (from Lincoln) -House of Representatives brings impeachment charges against Johnson -the Senate hears the case and votes on it -Johnson misses being thrown out of office by one vote Result:
-would have set a terrible precedent -would have permanently weakened the office presidency -makes Johnson a lame duck president [May 1868] The one bright spot for Johnson’s presidency was seen as a terrible move at the time [1867] Russia is looking to sell Alaska -believed that Alaska has been “furred out” Secretary of State, William Seward, purchases Alaska for $7.2 million -Met with horrible review – Americans are extremely upset “Seward’s Folly” “Seward’s Icebox”
Ulysses S. Grant wins -only wins by 300 000 popular votes -newly voting African-Americans gave him the win -votes from Virginia, Mississippi and Texas are not counted, since they were not reconstructed yet
-as troops pull out of the Southern states, state governments quickly pass back to the hands of the white Democrats -“A return to home rule” – white redeemers -once these home-ruled governments take over, they restrict the rights of African-Americans Grant’s Administration -has one of the most corrupt presidencies Grant’s Scandals The Credit-Mobilier Scandal Credit-Mobilier was a railroad company set up by the Union Pacific Railroad Company -they would charge $50 000 for every mile of track built -it only cost $30 000 for every mile of track at the time -to keep Congressmen quiet, the Credit-Mobilier company gives them shares of stock -The Vice President was also bribed – Schuyler Colfax -Scandal is broken in 1872 -Grant’s administration took the major blame for it
Salary Grab -Congress votes to double their pay, including a raise for Grant -after the rage of the public, Congress repeals the decision Whiskey Ring -whiskey distillers and members of the U.S. Treasury team up to avoid paying an excise tax on whiskey -it cheats the federal government out of millions of dollars W.W. Belknap – Secretary of War -sells $24 000 worth of government supplies to the Native Americans -he then keeps the money for himself -because of this scandal, he eventually resigns
Caused by the over-speculation of western lands and RAILROADS [
[1872] Boston fire Jay Cooke Company Bank fails – sold bonds to the Union during the Civil War Leads to a financial panic that lasts for about five years Election of 1876
On election night, the electoral count is 184-Hayes, 165-Tilden You need 185 electoral votes to win (the majority) South Carolina, Louisiana, Oregon, and Florida – each sent in two sets of electoral votes One for Democrats, one for the Republicans Set up a committee – 7 Democrats, 8 Republicans Democrats threaten to “filibuster until hell freezes over”
Democrats agree to let Hayes be elected if: The last federal troops are removed from South Carolina and Louisiana One southerner is on the Cabinet Grant political power/favor to the South Spend federal money on internal improvements The Republicans, by agreeing to this, the Republicans sell out their commitment to equal rights for African-Americans -this is going to lead to segregation After Hayes is sworn in: One month later, he removes federal troops from South Carolina and Louisiana Marks the official end of Reconstruction
-Southern states return to white Democrat control “white redeemers” -new “redeemer” governments limit rights for African-Americans -begin to see segregation [1880s] the South begins separating the races in public facilities [1880s] the South passes “Jim Crow laws” -calls for formal segregation in the South -enforced through fear and lynchings [1896] Supreme Court hands down the Plessy vs. Ferguson decision -Legalizes “separate but equal” facilities in the United States -For the African-Americans – it meant inferior facilities (ex. Schools) -Sharecropping becomes the dominant job for many Southern African-Americans This continues until the mid-1950s
Internal improvements Union is preserved 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments are all passed Reform -education -tax system -rights for women
Segregation develops Corruption Terror groups Southern states limit the 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments Republicans sell out their commitment to African-Americans The Gilded Age (of Politics) – on the surface, the U.S. appears to be glittering, growing, and prosperous – in reality, there is economic depression, CORRUPTION, sin, crowds, big business, filth, and crime *gilded – covered with gold* Politics – industrialization, frontier, growth of cities
Ulysses S. Grant (first president during this age) -scandals -depression (Panic of 1873) Rutherford B. Hayes -ends the Reconstruction -“His Fraudulency” – Compromise of 1877 gets him the presidency Problems:
Great Railway Strike of 1877 -Hayes calls out federal troops to deal with strikes – Baltimore and Pittsburgh Deals with the Panic of 1873 Hayes vetoes the Chinese Exclusion Act -receives backlash and outrage because of this -it is a law that would limit the number of Chinese immigrants -cheap labor in California, gold rush in California Congress passes it the year after Hayes leaves office Election of 1880 The Republicans were split into the Stalwarts and the Half-Breeds Stalwarts – led by Roscoe Conkling (does not get the NY Port Collectors job he wanted) -wanted to return to the days of Grant -VP candidate for the Republicans – Chester A. Arthur (a Stalwart) Half-Breeds – led by James G. Blaine – secretary of state
James Garfield wins James Garfield very honest one major flaw – he cannot say “no” [July 2, 1881] tragedy hits a deranged office-seeker, Charles Guiteau, shoots James Garfield Garfield does not die for 11 weeks brought to New Jersey for some fresh shore air [September 19, 1881] Garfield dies Chester A. Arthur -when he becomes president, many Stalwarts (including Conkling) believe that they will receive political positions Arthur surprises them – throws his influence into Civil Service Reform (government jobs) Result: Pendleton Act of 1883 – establishes a merit system for civil service jobs
Sets up a Civil Service Commission Requires that applicants pass an exam for certain jobs [By 1884] Arthur had classified 10% of all government jobs [By 1984] over 90% of government jobs are classified Significance: starts Civil Service Reform
Grover Cleveland wins Directory: cms -> lib lib -> Security Survey lib -> 1. naclo 2015 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> 1. naclo 2017 – North American Computational Linguistics Olympiad lib -> Chem I honors Unit 2 Notes: Numbers in Chemistry Measurement lib -> Sanderson High School ap human Geography Summer Assignment 2016 lib -> Find fantastic ousd elementary music programs lib -> American Studies Pacing Calendar 2014-2015 lib -> The ap history Timeline 8000bce-the Present lib -> Absolutism in Europe Download 0.97 Mb. Share with your friends:
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